Damascene copper electroplating for on-chip interconnections, a process that we conceived and developed in the early 1990s, makes it possible to fill submicron trenches and vias with copper without creating a void or a seam and has thus proven superior to other technologies of copper deposition. We discuss here the relationship of additives in the plating bath to superfilling, the phenomenon that results in superconformal coverage, and we present a numerical model which accounts for the experimentally observed profile evolution of the plated metal.

Damascene copper electroplating for chip interconnections

https://tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14686996.2019.1599694

New development of atomic layer deposition: processes, methods and applications.

This tutorial clarifies the axiomatic definition of (v(α); i(β)) circuit elements via a lookup table dubbed an A-pad, of admissible (v; i) signals measured via Gedanken probing circuits. The (v(α); i(β)) elements are ordered via a complexity metric. Under this metric, the memristor emerges naturally as the fourth element, characterized by a state-dependent Ohm's law. A logical generalization to memristive devices reveals a common fingerprint consisting of a dense continuum of pinched hysteresis loops whose area decreases with the frequency ω and tends to a straight line as ω ~ ∞, for all bipolar periodic signals and for all initial conditions. This common fingerprint suggests that the term memristor be used hence-forth as a moniker for memristive devices.

The Fourth Element.

Background Pulsed electric field (PEF) is an attractive and efficient non-thermal technology that can advance functionality, extractability, and retrieval of nutritionally beneficial compounds. For industrial PEF food processing, high electric field consistency is of importance for continuous operation and an economical return-of-investment within a short period. Scope and approach The technology uptake at an industrial scale is still low due to the shortage of reliable and more practical electrical systems. Therefore, designing an application-specific and cost-effective electrical system is essential for commercial use of this novel technology. This review describes the requirements and developments of the electrical systems employed in PEF food processing. Key findings and conclusion The process parameters and control variables of the PEF system are not only critical for the designing of the electrical systems but also for the experts of the food sciences. Inadequate or insufficient description of different engineering aspects of experimental procedures is a hindrance in allowing the work to be reproduced in other laboratories. This review describes the critical process parameters and the designing methodology of the specialized equipment required in food processing as a guide for the designers and the researchers of this technology.

Electrical systems for pulsed electric field applications in the food industry: An engineering perspective

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/admi.201801853

Progress in Powder Coating Technology Using Atomic Layer Deposition

Previous research on nanoscale protein delivery systems has demonstrated great potential for their use in cancer research [1]. Here, we have studied structural variations in tip morphology of nanowires (NWs), and have investigated the impact of these structural variations on the resultant protein delivery. Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were grown by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PEVCD), and coated with a 25 nm alumina coating [2]. The fabricated vertically aligned alumina nanowire arrays (VAANAs) were used to deliver fluorescent Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated to ovalbumin protein (OVAC) to primary dendritic cells (DCs) derived from murine bone marrow.

/pdf/effect-of-tip-morphology-of-vertically-aligned-alumina-7c78zqzn9o.pdf

Dustin Z. Austin

Papers

Effect of Tip Morphology of Vertically Aligned Alumina Nanowire Arrays on Ovalbumin Uptake of Dendritic Cells