This article is an up-to-date review of the literature available on the subject of ethanol to ethylene. The process of ethanol to ethylene has broad development prospects. Compared with the process of petroleum to ethylene, ethanol dehydration to ethylene is economically feasible. Researchers have been redirecting their interest to the ethylene production process, catalysts, and reaction mechanisms. A fluidized bed reactor, together with a wear-resistant, efficient, and stable catalyst will be the focus of future research that includes a deep understanding of the large-scale activated alumina catalyst and the molecular sieve catalyst used, and will promote the development of the ethanol dehydration to ethylene process and provide strong support for the market competiveness of the process.

Dehydration of Ethanol to Ethylene

Synthesis of novel pyrazole derivatives and evaluation of their antidepressant and anticonvulsant activities

Schiff bases are condensation products of primary amines with carbonyl compounds gaining importance day by day in present scenario. Schiff bases are the compounds carrying imine or azomethine (–C=N–) functional group and are found to be a versatile pharmacophore for design and development of various bioactive lead compounds. Schiff bases exhibit useful biological activities such anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, antitubercular, anticancer, antioxidant, anthelmintic, antiglycation, and antidepressant activities. Schiff bases are also used as catalysts, pigments and dyes, intermediates in organic synthesis, polymer stabilizers, and corrosion inhibitors. The present review summarizes information on the diverse biological activities and also highlights the recently synthesized numerous Schiff bases as potential bioactive core.

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Schiff Bases: A Versatile Pharmacophore

Isatin hybrids and their anti-tuberculosis activity

Isoniazid derivatives and their anti-tubercular activity

N'-(1-alkyl-2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-1H-3-indolyliden)-4-pyridinecarboxylic acid hydrazide derivatives, 3(a-g), were synthesized in a trial to overcome the resistance developed with the therapeutic uses of isoniazid (INH). The lipophilicity of the synthesized derivatives supersedes that of the INH as expressed by Clog p values. The synthesized compounds and INH were tested against bovin, human sensitive and human resist strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Compounds 3a, 3d, 3f and 3g with 1-unsubstituted, 1-propyl, 1-propynyl and 1-benzyl groups respectively exhibited equipotent growth inhibitory activity (MIC 10 micromol) against the tested strains as compared with INH however the later has no activity against human resist strain. Pharmacokinetic study revealed that the rate and extent of absorption of the tested derivatives (3d and 3f) significantly higher than that of INH (p < 0.05). The relative bioavailabilities (F(R)%) were 183.15 and 443.25 for 3f and 3d respectively as compared to INH. These results preliminary indicate the possible use of the prepared derivatives for treatment of tuberculosis infections in order to overcome the resistance developed with INH.

Synthesis, antitubercular activity and pharmacokinetic studies of some Schiff bases derived from 1-alkylisatin and isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH).

Active surface centres in a heterogeneous CdO catalyst for ethanol decomposition

Biofilms are colonies of microbial cells encased in a self-produced organic polymeric matrix and represent a common mode of microbial growth. Microbes growing as biofilm are highly resistant to commonly used antimicrobial drugs. We aimed to screen and characterize biofilm formation by different isolates of Candida on removed intrauterine devices (IUDs), to perform experimental biofilm formation with isolated strains, and to examine biofilm by the crystal violet and XTT reduction assays and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A total of 56 IUDs were examined for biofilm formation using Sabouraud's dextrose chloramphenicol agar. Suspected colonies were identified by different methods. Antifungal susceptibility testing with fluconazole (FLU) and amphotericin B for the isolated strains and in vitro experimental biofilm formation was carried out. The biofilm was quantified by crystal violet, XTT reduction assay and SEM. Among the 56 IUDs investigated, 26 were Candida positive (46.4 %). Candida albicans was recovered from 15 isolates. The biofilm MIC of FLU was increased 64 to 1000 times compared to the MIC for planktonic cells. The XTT method results were dependent on the Candida species; biofilm formation was highest in Candida krusei and Candida glabrata strains, followed by C. albicans and Candida tropicalis. SEM of Candida biofilm revealed a heterogeneous thick biofilm with a mixture of micro-organisms. The main conclusion from this study was non-albicans Candida represents more than a half of the Candida biofilm. Better understanding of Candida biofilms may lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of fungal infections, especially resistant ones among IUD users.

Patterns of Candida biofilm on intrauterine devices.

The vapour-phase dehydration and dehydrogenation of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) have been carried out over pure MoO 3 and Fe 2 O 3 , produced by calcination of ammonium heptamolybdate and of iron (III) nitrate respectively, as well as MoO 3 mixed with 0.5 and 50 mol% Fe 2 O 3 , prepared from the same materials. All catalysts were calcined in air, in the temperature range 200-600°C for 5 h, and were characterized by thermal analysis (TG, DTA), XRD, IR and S BET . Surface areas decreased with increasing calcination temperature, and the catalytic activity of the pure oxides MoO 3 and Fe 2 O 3 , as well as of MoO 3 -0.5 mol% Fe 2 O 3 , increased with their S BET . The activity of MoO 3 -50 mol% Fe 2 O 3 , which was independent of its S BET , could be attributed to the increased intensity of terminal Mo-O bonds as shown by IR spectra. The activation energies for the decomposition of IPA over catalysts calcined at 250 and 500°C are tabulated

E.A. Hassan

Papers

Synthesis, antitubercular activity and pharmacokinetic studies of some Schiff bases derived from 1-alkylisatin and isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH).

Active surface centres in a heterogeneous CdO catalyst for ethanol decomposition

Patterns of Candida biofilm on intrauterine devices.

MoO3—Fe2O3 catalysts: Characterization and activity for isopropyl alcohol decomposition

Electrical conductivity and thermogravimetric studies of the thermal decomposition of doped cobalt carbonate