Three-dimensional air motion, observed with radar in a convective planetary boundary layer under light wind conditions, is organized in cellular structures scaled from 2 to 5 km; simultaneous acoustic echosonde measurements indicate that near the ground there are smaller cells than those observable by the radar. At heights of 400 m, cell scales become as large as those observable by the radar. Pressure fluctuations at the ground measured with spatial pressure transducers, at the same time as the radar and echosonde observations, traveled at the same speed and direction as the radar volume-averaged wind. The length scale determined at the ground with pressure fluctuation data was between 1.2 and 2.4 km, smaller than the largest radar-measured motion scales.

Observations of boundary-layer convection cells measured by dual-Doppler radar and echosonde, and by microbarograph array

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0022112078001111

Experiments on buoyant-parcel motion and the generation of internal gravity waves

Generation and propagation of acoustic gravity waves

In this paper we describe a case study of progressive gravity waves in the troposphere. We deduce their propagation speed and direction, and their dispersive characteristics, from surface spectra of wind and pressure. We compare the results with direct measurements of the waves made over an array of spaced pressure sensors using cross spectrum techniques and an algorithm developed by one of us (Young). The agreement is very satisfactory and demonstrates the feasibility of monitoring atmospheric wave conditions in almost real time using only sensors (high quality) in use at standard weather observation stations. The waves in the case we describe were highly dispersive and apparently were generated by a violent thunderstorm some 100 km west of the site of observation. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1975.tb01651.x

E. E. Gossard

Papers

Dispersion and spectra of gravity waves probably generated by a convective storm