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The use of probiotics in aquaculture

The role of probiotics in aquaculture

Animals have developed the means for supporting complex and dynamic consortia of microorganisms during their life cycle. A transcendent view of vertebrate biology therefore requires an understanding of the contributions of these indigenous microbial communities to host development and adult physiology. These contributions are most obvious in the gut, where studies of gnotobiotic mice have disclosed that the microbiota affects a wide range of biological processes, including nutrient processing and absorption, development of the mucosal immune system, angiogenesis, and epithelial renewal. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) provides an opportunity to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions through genetic and chemical screens that take advantage of its transparency during larval and juvenile stages. Therefore, we developed methods for producing and rearing germ-free zebrafish through late juvenile stages. DNA microarray comparisons of gene expression in the digestive tracts of 6 days post fertilization germ-free, conventionalized, and conventionally raised zebrafish revealed 212 genes regulated by the microbiota, and 59 responses that are conserved in the mouse intestine, including those involved in stimulation of epithelial proliferation, promotion of nutrient metabolism, and innate immune responses. The microbial ecology of the digestive tracts of conventionally raised and conventionalized zebrafish was characterized by sequencing libraries of bacterial 16S rDNA amplicons. Colonization of germ-free zebrafish with individual members of its microbiota revealed the bacterial species specificity of selected host responses. Together, these studies establish gnotobiotic zebrafish as a useful model for dissecting the molecular foundations of host-microbial interactions in the vertebrate digestive tract.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/101/13/4596.full.pdf

Gnotobiotic zebrafish reveal evolutionarily conserved responses to the gut microbiota.

The current status and future focus of probiotic and prebiotic applications for salmonids

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of an animal consists of a very complex and dynamic microbial ecosystem that is very important from a nutritional, physiological and pathological point of view. A wide range of microbes derived from the surrounding aquatic environment, soil/sediment and feed are found to colonize in the GI tract of fish. Among the microbial groups, bacteria (aerobic, facultative anaerobic and obligate aneraobic forms) are the principal colonizers in the GI tract of fish, and in some fish, yeasts are also reported. The common bacterial colonizers in the GI tract of freshwater and marine fish include Vibrio, Aeromonas, Flavobacterium, Plesiomonas, Pseudomonas, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcus, Acinetobacter, Clostridium, Fusarium and Bacteroides, which may vary from species to species as well as environmental conditions. Besides, several unknown bacteria belonging to Mycoplasma, Arthrobacter, Brochothrix, Jeotgailbacillus, Ochrobactrum, Psychrobacter and Sejongia species in the GI tract of different fish species have now been identified successfully using culture-independent techniques. Gnotobiotic and conventional studies indicate the involvement of GI microbiota in fish nutrition, epithelial development, immunity as well as disease outbreak. This review also highlights the need for manipulating the gut microbiota with useful beneficial microbes through probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic concepts for better fish health management.

Role of gastrointestinal microbiota in fish

Microflora isolated from fish intestines have been described for a limited number of salmonid fish species. The size of the microbial population of salmonids appears to vary within different regions of the gastrointestinal tract. The genera present in the gastrointestinal tract seem to be those which can survive and multiply in the intestinal tract. The predominant bacteria isolated from the salmonid gut are aerobes or facultative anaerobes. Few investigations have evaluated obligate anaerobes in the digestive tract of salmonids, and these studies have suggested that the population levels of obligate anaerobes are lower than those of facultative anaerobes. The bacterial genera isolated from fish intestines vary with salinity, antibiotics, chromic oxide, diet and dietary components such as linoleic acid, and display day-to-day fluctuations. Acinelobacter spp., Enterobacter spp. and Pseu-domonas spp. are regarded as autochthonous in Oncorhynchus species, while Aeromonas spp., Flavobacterium spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Lactobacillus spp. are suggested as autochthonous in Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus(L.).

E Strøm

Papers

Intestinal microflora of salmonids: a review