https://repository.law.miami.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2204&context=umialr

The Status of Developing Land-Locked States Since 1965

The states of the world are crowded on its land area, which makes up only twenty-nine per cent of its surface, but this in no sense implies that they are uninterested in the remaining seventy-one per cent which is made up of the oceans and their contained seas. There is, in fact, only one ocean, since the separately named parts are interconnected and much the greater part of this is water subject to tidal influences and to movements at different levels resulting from differential temperatures, winds and varying inflow from rivers and glacier melt-waters. The ocean’s waters are broadly rich in their biological and mineral content and they vary in depth, salinity and temperature. Beneath the waters of the oceans and seas the sea-bed varies greatly in its relief, superficial cover and contained minerals. In a wide variety of ways the oceans and seas have lured man as a valuable and essential part of his habitat and, as his power over his environment has greatly increased with his control of mechanical energy and technological advances, interest in, and use of the ocean have taken on ever more visible prominence. The political interests which attach to the oceans and seas include surface and underwater transport, fish and whales, the riches beneath the sea-bed, international waterways, marine boundaries, strategy and defence, and the special problems of access to the seas faced by land-locked states.

The Political Geography of the Sea

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The Effec t of Sea Access on Economic Income Level in African Nations

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/642ECC9CC019385219504B6CF8874892/S0364168600001869a.pdf/div-class-title-e-a-boateng-span-class-italic-a-political-geography-of-africa-span-cambridge-cambridge-university-press-1978-292-pp-maps-appendices-bibliography-index-22-50-div.pdf

E. A. Boateng. A Political Geography of Africa . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978. 292 pp. Maps, appendices, bibliography, index. $22.50.

On Recent Works of Political Geography of Africa

The upsurge of anti-colonialism, loosely called “nationalism,'’in Africa since the end of World War II has given birth to many newly independent states and has notably increased the number of those which lack sea coasts. Although African landlocked states have much in common with African coastal states, their economic difficulties are aggravated by their greater distance from seaports. They differ, too, from one another in their constitutions, in their experiences as colonies, in areal extent, in population numbers, and in stages of economic development. The land-locked states, however, are exposed to possible ill will of their better placed neighbors and, in so far as this may arise, the Organization of African Unity will be put to the test. Nevertheless, the present special difficulties of the land-locked African states arise not so much from their need to acquire access to the sea and world markets (for this has been accorded to them by bilateral agreements) as from the need to overcome their ...

Edmund H. Dale

Papers

Some geographical aspects of african land‐locked states1