After conquering the core and metropolitan networks, fiber is now penetrating into the access domain. Its low loss and huge bandwidth enable the delivery of any current and foreseeable set of broadband services, and also make it a nice match to the wireless link to the end user. Cost effectiveness is a key issue, and will be decisive for the network topology choices. Point-to-point may be the most cost-effective for short-reach access, whereas point-to-multipoint may be the most interesting at medium- to long-reach access, or when line terminations in the local exchange become a key issue. A number of optical techniques being deployed for shared-fiber multiple access are discussed, based on time slot multiplexing, frequency slot multiplexing, code division multiplexing, and wavelength multiplexing, including their application in fiber to the home/fiber to the premises (FTTH/FTTP) networks for fast data transfer (asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) or Ethernet based) and for broadband service distribution (such as CATV). In the research laboratories, techniques aiming at next-generation optical access are being studied, such as wavelength routing for flexible capacity allocation and easily adaptable hosting of services and service providers, and radio-over-fiber techniques creating a powerful symbiosis of the fiber world and the wireless world by enabling centralized radio signal processing

Fiber to the Home/Fiber to the Premises: What, Where, and When?

Passive optical networks are used for fiber-to-the-home/curb/cabinet/building applications. Today, two PON variants with time-domain multiple access, GPON and EPON, are being used for mass roll-outs. WDM-PONs are the next step up from these PONs to accommodate traffic growth and new applications. This article analyzes WDM-PON variants and proposes they be used for a unified optical access and back-hauling network.

PON in adolescence: from TDMA to WDM-PON

Medium access control is one of the crucial issues in the design of Ethernet passive optical networks. To ensure efficient transmission, an EPON system must employ a MAC mechanism to arbitrate access to the shared medium in order to avoid data collisions in the upstream direction and at the same time efficiently share the upstream transmission bandwidth among all ONUs. The purpose of this article is to provide a good understanding of the MAC issue, discuss the major problems involved (e.g., multiple access, bandwidth allocation, transmission scheduling, and quality of service support), and present an overview of the state-of-the-art solutions proposed thus far to the problems. It is also our purpose to motivate further studies on the problems described in this article

Media access control for Ethernet passive optical networks: an overview

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Next-Generation FTTH Passive Optical Networks

A system comprises an optical network terminal (ONT) that provides an interface to a passive optical network (PON). The ONT is coupled to a subscriber gateway device via at least one cable. The ONT may be located outside a subscriber premises while the subscriber gateway device may be located within the subscriber premises. The ONT converts optical signals received from PON to electrical signals and transmits the electrical signals to the subscriber gateway device without performing any MAC layer functions. The subscriber gateway device includes an optical media access control (MAC) unit that converts the electrical signals into MAC layer signals and a gateway unit that distributes the MAC layer signals to one or more subscriber devices. In this manner the MAC and gateway layer functions are relocated from the ONT to the subscriber gateway device.

Optical network interface devices and methods

The standardization of passive optical networks capable of transporting Ethernet frames at gigabit-per-second speeds, currently in progress in both ITU-T and IEEE, constitutes a major milestone toward cost-effective photonization of the last (aka first) mile. The article presents an Ethernet gigabit PON (GPON) system aligned with the philosophy of the evolving FSAN (full service access network) ITU-T specification, which focuses on the efficient support of any level of quality of service. The intelligence of this system, in terms of traffic quality guarantees, lies in the MAC protocol, which controls the distributed multiplexing/concentration function by allocating variable length slots to every user of the shared upstream (toward the network) medium. The way transport of information is organized in an ITU-T GPON system and the operation of a MAC protocol that preserves all QoS guarantees are presented and evaluated.

Efficient transport of packets with QoS in an FSAN-aligned GPON

A protocol configuration method for use by a substation to be coupled to a main station in an optical access network is described. The configuration method comprises the following steps:
 predefining for the substation a plurality of predefined types of protocol for use by the substation of one of the types of protocol during operation; and after being coupled to the main station, determining with a first determiner, a bit-rate and a line-coding for a bit-stream being received from the main station, thereby providing a downstream line-rate and a downstream line-coding; and based upon at least anyone of the downstream line-rate, the downstream line-coding and the bit-stream, selecting with a selector according to predefined rules and conditions a type out of the plurality of predefined types of protocol for the bit-stream, the predefined rules and condition are based upon one or more distinguishing marks between the plurality of predefined types of protocol; and activating the selected type for further operation and thereby enabling the substation to communicate with the main station according to the selected type of protocol.

Protocol configuration method

The invention relates to a timeslot management method for use in a
time division multiple access network. The access network comprises a central
station (CS) coupled to a plurality of network terminals (ONU1, ..., ONUi, ...,
ONUn) via the cascade connection of a common transmission link (L) and
respective individual network terminal links (L1,...,Li,...,Ln). The management
method comprises the steps of:
 enabling the network terminals (ONU1, ..., ONUi, ..., ONUn) to
transmit upstream data packets to the central station (CS) in a time
multiplexed way over the common transmission link (L) by using upstream
time slots which are assigned to the network terminals by means of distribution
of a downstream bitstream (BSG) of grants (G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, ...); and classifying within the network terminals (ONU1, ..., ONUi, ...,
ONUn) the upstream data packets in accordance to associated service
categories; and comprising in one (G3) of the grants which is intended for one of
the network terminals (ONUi), a plurality of queue identities (Q1,...,Qj,...,
Qm) which are associated to a service category (S1, ..., Sj, ..., Sm) within the
network terminal (ONUi) and thereby enabling the network terminal (ONUi),
upon detection of a queue identity (Qj) to transfer an amount of upstream
data packets from its corresponding service category (Sj). The method further
comprises, defining a network terminal identity (NTi) that is associated to the
network terminal (ONU) and defining the queue identities (Q1, ..., Qj, ...,
Qm) with identifiers that are distinguished from the network terminal identity
(NTi).

Method to assign upstream timeslots to a network terminal in a TDMA network comprising a headend station

of EP1286486The present application relates to a method to share upstream bandwidth in a time division multiple access system that couples a line terminator (LT) via a tree-like network to a plurality of network terminators (NT1, NT2, ..., NT31, NT32). The method comprises the steps of, upon reception of a grant by a network terminator (NT2) from the line terminator (LT) and upon recognition of the grant as being associated to this network terminator (NT2), transmitting by the network terminator (NT2) an upstream data packet in an upstream timeslot and comprising in the data packet an overhead (O) in front of a payload (P). The method further comprises, in the event when the network terminator (NT2) is a higher order network terminator, transmitting the payload (P) in the upstream timeslot after a predefined time period (T) of a start of the upstream timeslot (T), and defining the predefined time period (T) substantially equal to a time-period needed to transmit a lower order overhead by a lower order network terminator.

Edwin Augustus Philomena Ringoot

Papers

Efficient transport of packets with QoS in an FSAN-aligned GPON

Protocol configuration method

Method to assign upstream timeslots to a network terminal in a TDMA network comprising a headend station

Method to share upstream bandwidth in a time division multiple access system, related network terminator and access system.