Herbal medicines, a guide for health-care professionals: Carol A. Newall, Linda A. Anderson, J. David Phillipson, The Pharmaceutical Press, London, 1996

A review presenting water as the logical reaction medium for the future of organic chemistry. A discussion is offered that covers both the "on water" and "in water" phenomena, and how water is playing unique roles in each, specifically with regard to its use in organic synthesis.

/pdf/water-as-the-reaction-medium-in-organic-chemistry-from-our-1dahax37e3.pdf

Water as the reaction medium in organic chemistry: from our worst enemy to our best friend

Low oral bioavailability as a consequence of low water solubility of drugs is a growing challenge to the development of new pharmaceutical products. One of the most popular approaches of oral bioavailability and solubility enhancement is the utilization of lipid-based drug delivery systems. Their use in product development is growing due to the versatility of pharmaceutical lipid excipients and drug formulations, and their compatibility with liquid, semi-solid, and solid dosage forms. Lipid formulations, such as self-emulsifying (SEDDS), self-microemulsifying SMEDDS) and self- -nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) were explored in many studies as an efficient approach for improving the bioavailability and dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs. One of the greatest advantages of incorporating poorly soluble drugs into such formulations is their spontaneous emulsification and formation of an emulsion, microemulsion or nanoemulsion in aqueous media. This review article focuses on the following topics. First, it presents a classification overview of lipid-based drug delivery systems and mechanisms involved in improving the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Second, the article reviews components of lipid-based drug delivery systems for oral use with their characteristics. Third, it brings a detailed description of SEDDS, SMEDDS and SNEDDS, which are very often misused in literature, with special emphasis on the comparison between microemulsions and nanoemulsions.

/pdf/lipid-based-systems-as-a-promising-approach-for-enhancing-3fg37uscez.pdf

Lipid-based systems as a promising approach for enhancing the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs.

Thermodynamic and physicochemical properties evaluation for formation and characterization of oil-in-water nanoemulsion

Interaction of cationic amphiphilic drug nortriptyline hydrochloride with TX-100 in aqueous and urea solutions and the studies of physicochemical parameters of the mixed micelles

In this study, non-ionic surfactants, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters (polysorbate) are chosen to examine the temperature effect on the CMC over a wide temperature range. The enthalpy and entropy of micelle formation are evaluated according to the phase separation model. The surface tension of solutions was determined by means of Du Nouys ring. The CMC values were taken from the sharp breaks in the surface tension vs. logarithms of surfactant concentration plots. As the surfactants' chain length increases the CMC at a constant temperature decreases, which is directly related to the decrease of hydrophilicity of the molecules. For each surfactant, as the system temperature increases, the CMC initially decreases and then increases, owing to the smaller probability of hydrogen bond formation at higher temperatures. The onset of micellization tends to occur at higher concentrations as the temperature increases. To evaluate the enthalpy of micellization, the CMCs are first correlated by a polynomial equation. It is found that ∆Gom decreases monotonically as the temperature increases over the whole temperature range. Both ∆Hom and ∆Som appear to be decrease monotonically with an increase in temperature. The compensation temperature was found to be 42 oC by linear regression over the whole temperature range and for all three surfactant systems together.

/pdf/effect-of-temperature-on-the-critical-micelle-concentration-2zv7fxa0t5.pdf

Effect of Temperature on the Critical Micelle Concentration and Micellization Thermodynamic of Nonionic Surfactants: Polyoxyethylene Sorbitan Fatty Acid Esters

Nowadays, people are interested in hair preparations and conditioner materials, such asshampoos. Hair tonic and conditioner formulations containing herbal extracts, such as fenugreek, can prevent hair loss and retain hair conditioning. First of all, the proved seeds offenugreek were extracted with 50% ethanol by maceration method, and then were freeze dried and stored in the fridge. After preparing the formulation, some physicochemical properties suchas pH, foam formation, viscosity, conditioning and wettability were evaluated. The pH of theformulated shampoo was determined as 6.6. The results of its rheogram showed good thixotropy property. High foam production and stability were observed; this may be due to theexistence of saponin in fenugreek seeds extract. On the basis of wettability and conditioningresults, formulated shampoo can represent an attractive and suitable product. The pH of theformulated shampoo was in the standard range of 6 to 8. The formulated shampoo has also shown the better foaming productivity and thixotropic properties which shows its suitableviscosity. The wetting effect of shampoo was taken 5 min which indicates its proper qualityin comparison to some other shampoos in the market. Based on the wettability andconditioning data, it can be concluded that the formulated shampoo has a good quality ofintroducing it to the market.

	 

	Key words: Trigonella foenum graecum, herbal shampoo, conditioner, fenugreek.

https://www.academicjournals.org/article/article1380887334_Noudeh et al 1.pdf

Formulation of herbal conditioner shampoo by using extract of fenugreek seeds and evaluation of its physicochemical parameters

Surface active agents have been used in pharmaceutical formulations for different purposes, so the study of the effect of these agent on biological membranes is necessary. The aim of this study is the evaluation of aqueous extract of Tribulus terrestris L., Trigonella foenum-graecum L. and Echium amoenum Fisch, that contain saponins on red blood cells (RBC) as a model of biological membranes. Also some physicochemical properties of the extracts including emulsification index (E24) and foam producing activity (Fh) were investigated. The aqueous extracts were prepared by maceration and then lyophilized. The different concentration of extracts in McIvan’s buffer solution were incubated with RBC in different temperatures (25 and 37°C) for different time periods (15 and 30 min). The absorbance of the samples by UV spectrophotometer determmine the degree of hemolysis. In comparison of three studied extracts, T. terrestris L, have shown the highest hemolytic effect (12.45% in 37°C and 30 min). The values of E24 and Fh showed the extract of T. terrestris L. has the highest emulsification index (24.89%) and the highest foam producing activity (14.42 mm). The extract of H. persicum, with lower hemolytic effect may be preferred in pharmaceutical preparation but if the hemolytic effect was excluded, A. dracunculus is preferred.

	 

	Key words: Echium amoenum, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Tribulus terrestris, biological membrane, hemolysis.

Medicinal plants as surface activity modifiers

Evaluation of Insulin Stability in the Presence of Nonionic Surface Active Agents (Polysorbate Groups) by Circular Dichroism and Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Background:
Imatinib mesylat as an oral anticancer agent need a
controlled released formulation to get steady and stable plasma concentration.
The aim of the present study was to develop controlled release matrix tablet
formulations of Imatinib using hydroxy propyl methyl Cellulose as a hydrophilic
release retardant polymer and to study the effects of different formulation
features like polymer viscosity grade, ratio of the polymer, compression force, and release medium on the
in vitro release properties. Methods: The in vitro release
studies were performed using US Pharmacopoeia type I apparatus. The release
kinetics was analyzed by Korsmeyer–Peppas model and were also analyzed using
statistical method and f2 metric values. The release profiles
look like Higuchi’s square root kinetics model irrespective of the viscosity
grade and polymer proportion. Results: The results showed
that the release rate of the drug is greatly affected by the drug/polymer ratio
and viscosity grade. Also, the effect of release medium and compression force
was showed to be significant on the release profiles. The release mechanism was
found to be anomalous non-Fickian diffusion in all formulations. Conclusions:
 The formulations were found to
be reproducible and stable. Controlled release formulations were developed with
different release rates and profiles so that these formulations could be
evaluated for more in vivo studies.

https://journals.tbzmed.ac.ir/PHARM/manuscript/PHARM-21-157.pdf

Ehsan Mohajeri

Papers

Effect of Temperature on the Critical Micelle Concentration and Micellization Thermodynamic of Nonionic Surfactants: Polyoxyethylene Sorbitan Fatty Acid Esters

Formulation of herbal conditioner shampoo by using extract of fenugreek seeds and evaluation of its physicochemical parameters

Medicinal plants as surface activity modifiers

Evaluation of Insulin Stability in the Presence of Nonionic Surface Active Agents (Polysorbate Groups) by Circular Dichroism and Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Controlled Release Imatinib Mesylate Tablet Formulation: Using Hydrophilic Matrix System