In the last years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have gained increasing attention from both the research community and actual users. As sensor nodes are generally battery-powered devices, the critical aspects to face concern how to reduce the energy consumption of nodes, so that the network lifetime can be extended to reasonable times. In this paper we first break down the energy consumption for the components of a typical sensor node, and discuss the main directions to energy conservation in WSNs. Then, we present a systematic and comprehensive taxonomy of the energy conservation schemes, which are subsequently discussed in depth. Special attention has been devoted to promising solutions which have not yet obtained a wide attention in the literature, such as techniques for energy efficient data acquisition. Finally we conclude the paper with insights for research directions about energy conservation in WSNs.

/pdf/energy-conservation-in-wireless-sensor-networks-a-survey-1bl7d2obnm.pdf

Energy conservation in wireless sensor networks: A survey

This paper presents control and coordination algorithms for groups of vehicles. The focus is on autonomous vehicle networks performing distributed sensing tasks where each vehicle plays the role of a mobile tunable sensor. The paper proposes gradient descent algorithms for a class of utility functions which encode optimal coverage and sensing policies. The resulting closed-loop behavior is adaptive, distributed, asynchronous, and verifiably correct.

Coverage control for mobile sensing networks

Vehicular networking has significant potential to enable diverse applications associated with traffic safety, traffic efficiency and infotainment. In this survey and tutorial paper we introduce the basic characteristics of vehicular networks, provide an overview of applications and associated requirements, along with challenges and their proposed solutions. In addition, we provide an overview of the current and past major ITS programs and projects in the USA, Japan and Europe. Moreover, vehicular networking architectures and protocol suites employed in such programs and projects in USA, Japan and Europe are discussed.

Vehicular Networking: A Survey and Tutorial on Requirements, Architectures, Challenges, Standards and Solutions

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01009386/document

Energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks: A top-down survey

The past few years have witnessed increased interest in the potential use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in a wide range of applications and it has become a hot research area. Based on network structure, routing protocols in WSNs can be divided into two categories: flat routing and hierarchical or clustering routing. Owing to a variety of advantages, clustering is becoming an active branch of routing technology in WSNs. In this paper, we present a comprehensive and fine grained survey on clustering routing protocols proposed in the literature for WSNs. We outline the advantages and objectives of clustering for WSNs, and develop a novel taxonomy of WSN clustering routing methods based on complete and detailed clustering attributes. In particular, we systematically analyze a few prominent WSN clustering routing protocols and compare these different approaches according to our taxonomy and several significant metrics. Finally, we summarize and conclude the paper with some future directions.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/8/11113/pdf

A Survey on Clustering Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

In this article we provide a comprehensive review of the existing literature on techniques and protocols for in-network aggregation in wireless sensor networks. We first define suitable criteria to classify existing solutions, and then describe them by separately addressing the different layers of the protocol stack while highlighting the role of a cross-layer design approach, which is likely to be needed for optimal performance. Throughout the article we identify and discuss open issues, and propose directions for future research in the area

/pdf/in-network-aggregation-techniques-for-wireless-sensor-3worsvl5sb.pdf

In-network aggregation techniques for wireless sensor networks: a survey

In this paper, we focus on a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) that makes use of 802.11?like wireless interfaces for Inter Vehicular Communication (IVC). We propose a distributed position?based broadcast protocol, named Smart Broadcast (SB), that aims at i) maximizing the progress of the message along the propagation line, and ii) minimizing the re?broadcast delay. The protocol is analyzed through a mathematical model that permits to determine the optimal parameter setting for a given scenario. Simulations are then used to validate the mathematical model and to compare SB with other broadcast algorithms.

/pdf/an-effective-broadcast-scheme-for-alert-message-propagation-1txxzwfnp6.pdf

An Effective Broadcast Scheme for Alert Message Propagation in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks

Broadcast is a fundamental service for self- organizing wireless networks but its importance increases in the context of inter-vehicle communication (IVC) sys- tems where it can be used to propagate urgent informa- tion, as, for instance, hazards or alarms, and to develop safety automatic services. In this case, broadcast protocols have to guarantee high reliability and low propagation de- lay of the information all over the network. In this paper we define a distributed, position-aware broadcast proto- col (Smart Broadcast) for highway inter-vehicular networks, where each node, receiving a broadcast message, forwards it after a random backoff delay that depends on the node distance from the source. Then, by simulations, we evalu- ate the broadcast protocol performance and compare it with other algorithms. Finally we conclude with some theoretical observations.

/pdf/smart-broadcast-algorithm-for-inter-vehicular-communications-4c3p61fu4j.pdf

Smart Broadcast algorithm for inter-vehicular communications

In this paper we consider practical dissemination algorithms exploiting network coding for data broadcasting in ad hoc wireless networks. For an efficient design, we analyze issues related to the use of network coding in realistic network scenarios. In detail, we quantify the impact of random access schemes, as used by IEEE 802.11, on the performance of network coding. In such scenarios, deadlock situations may occur where the delivery process stops and some of the nodes never gather the required packets. To tackle this problem, we propose a proactive mechanism (called proactive network coding) which adapts its transmission schedule according to the decoding status of neighboring nodes. This scheme can detect when nodes need additional packets in order to decode and acts accordingly. We finally investigate the behavior of network coding schemes in multi-rate environments, where we propose a distributed heuristic approach for the selection of data rates.

/pdf/toward-network-coding-based-protocols-for-data-broadcasting-2m93wv7lof.pdf

Toward network coding-based protocols for data broadcasting in wireless Ad Hoc networks

The present paper investigates practical algorithms to efficiently exploit random network coding for data delivery in multi-hop wireless networks. In the past few years, a great deal of work has been carried out to derive analytical results about network coding. However, only recently have researchers started to utilize the theoretical findings in practical settings. Network coding is a new paradigm for data delivery which proved to be very efficient. It is particularly suitable for wireless networks due to the inherent broadcast nature of the channel. Even though previous work dealt with practical schemes exploiting these new techniques, many issues concerning the coexistence of network coding and channel access mechanisms are still unsolved. In addition, it is still unclear how packets should be combined in order to get the highest benefits in terms of throughput, delay, and energy efficiency. Our work presents an accurate investigation of these aspects. In particular, we couple several MAC and scheduling schemes together with different network coding strategies, and compare them via extensive ns2 simulation. Finally, we propose a new timing strategy for the combination of data packets in random network coding.

/pdf/on-mac-scheduling-and-packet-combination-strategies-for-22dqrm9cl2.pdf

Elena Fasolo

Papers

In-network aggregation techniques for wireless sensor networks: a survey

An Effective Broadcast Scheme for Alert Message Propagation in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks

Smart Broadcast algorithm for inter-vehicular communications

Toward network coding-based protocols for data broadcasting in wireless Ad Hoc networks

On MAC Scheduling and Packet Combination Strategies for Practical Random Network Coding