A review of methods applicable to the study of masonry historical construction, encompassing both classical and advanced ones, is presented. Firstly, the paper offers a discussion on the main challenges posed by historical structures and the desirable conditions that approaches oriented to the modeling and analysis of this type of structures should accomplish. Secondly, the main available methods which are actually used for study masonry historical structures are referred to and discussed. The main available strategies, including limit analysis, simplified methods, FEM macro- or micro-modeling and discrete element methods (DEM) are considered with regard to their realism, computer efficiency, data availability and real applicability to large structures. A set of final considerations are offered on the real possibility of carrying out realistic analysis of complex historic masonry structures. In spite of the modern developments, the study of historical buildings is still facing significant difficulties linked to computational effort, possibility of input data acquisition and limited realism of methods.

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Structural Analysis of Masonry Historical Constructions. Classical and Advanced Approaches

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Metal Foams A Design Guide

Damage and performance evaluation of masonry churches in the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake

SUMMARY Recent seismic events have caused damage or collapse of invaluable historical buildings, further proving 7 the vulnerability of unreinforced masonry (URM) structures to earthquakes. This study aims to understand failure of masonry arches—typical components of URM historic structures—subjected to horizontal ground 9 acceleration impulses. An analytical model is developed to describe the dynamic behaviour of the arch and is used to predict the combinations of impulse magnitudes and durations which lead to its collapse. The 11 model considers impact of the rigid blocks through several cycles of motion, illustrating that failure can occur at lower ground accelerations than previously believed. The resulting failure domains are of potential 13 use for design and assessment purposes. Predictions of the analytical model are compared with results of numerical modelling by the distinct element method, and the good agreement between results validates 15 the analytical model and at the same time confirms the potential of the distinct element framework as a method of evaluating complex URM structures under dynamic loading. Copyright q 2007 John Wiley & 17 Sons, Ltd.

Failure of masonry arches under impulse base motion

Since the late 1970s, nonlinear static analysis have had an increasing use in the seismic assessment of existing unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings. Different modelling strategies can be used to evaluate the global seismic response of these buildings, such as the Continuous Constitutive Laws Model (CCLM) and the Equivalent Frame Model (EFM). Despite the CCLM modelling approach seems to be the most suitable at this aim, it needs many input data, which are often quite difficult to be known, and requires a high computational effort. For this reason, the EFM, which is based on strongly simplified hypotheses, is preferred in professional practice, where a small computational burden and a time- and cost-saving structural analysis by using few mechanical parameters is needed. In this paper, a review of its uses and limits is proposed, in order to identify the most critical issues and define its proper use in professional practice when applied to existing URM buildings. As a result, it is highlighted that the EFM can be reasonably used as a first conservative approach for the seismic assessment of existing URM buildings with box behaviour and quite regular opening patterns. Thus, up to now, from this review its use is encouraged in seismic analysis of existing URM buildings after providing them a reduction of their floors and roofs deformability, an adequate wall-to-floor and wall-to-roof connections and a regularization of the opening patterns.

Uses and limits of the Equivalent Frame Model on existing unreinforced masonry buildings for assessing their seismic risk: A review

A simple formula for predicting the horizontal capacity of masonry portal frames

Summary

This paper provides a first insight on tube configurations based on the hexagonal shape (hexagrid) for tall buildings. The idea is to investigate the mechanical properties of hexagrid to assess their applicability in tall buildings and to compare their potential efficiency to the more popular diagrid systems.



For the above purposes, a general homogenization approach has been established for dealing with any structural patterns, and a methodology for characterizing the structural patterns from the mechanical point of view has been developed and specified for hexagrids and diagrids. Then on the basis of a simple stiffness criterion, a design procedure has been proposed and applied to a tall building case study, and several structural solutions (both hexagrids and diagrids) have been designed and assessed by varying the major geometrical parameters of the patterns. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Hexagrid – hexagonal tube structures for tall buildings: patterns, modeling, and design

Arches are among the most widely used and characterizing elements in masonry structures, particularly in historical buildings and churches. They are susceptible to severe damage due to seismic actions, excessive vertical loads, or support settlements. While an exhaustive literature is available for the behaviour of arched structures under vertical loads and support settlements, less attention has been devoted to their behaviour under horizontal seismic actions. In this paper, limit analysis approach to circular buttressed arches under horizontal loads is applied through a procedure developed by the authors based on non-linear programming technique. The suggested procedure is automatic, and structural engineers can easily implement it in a computer algebra system to identify the failure mechanism and the position of the hinges that minimises the horizontal load multiplier.

Limit analysis of masonry circular buttressed arches under horizontal loads

In this paper the results of a test program devoted to the assessment of the cyclic behavior of beam-to-column welded connections are presented. The specimens are representative of the common European practice, which differs from both U.S. and Japan practice, due to the size of the connected members and to the welding technique and details. Three specimen groups, characterized by different values of the relative column-beam-panel zone strengths, are designed and tested under different loading histories. In particular six tests (five cyclic and one monotonic) have been carried out on each group of specimens, encompassing a total of 18 tests. The tests have evidenced the effect of column-to-beam strength ratio and of panel zone design on the cyclic behavior and failure modes of the connections. Furthermore the dependence of the absorbed energy and cumulative plastic rotation of the joint upon the applied loading history is shown. Finally design implications are suggested on the basis of the test results.

Experimental Investigation on European Welded Connections

Closed form solution for predicting the horizontal capacity of masonry portal frames through limit analysis and comparison with experimental test results

Elena Mele

Papers

A simple formula for predicting the horizontal capacity of masonry portal frames

Hexagrid – hexagonal tube structures for tall buildings: patterns, modeling, and design

Limit analysis of masonry circular buttressed arches under horizontal loads

Experimental Investigation on European Welded Connections

Closed form solution for predicting the horizontal capacity of masonry portal frames through limit analysis and comparison with experimental test results