The various types of biosensors such as enzyme-based, tissue-based, immunosensors, DNA biosensors, thermal and piezoelectric biosensors have been deliberated here to highlight their indispensable applications in multitudinous fields. Some of the popular fields implementing the use of biosensors are food industry to keep a check on its quality and safety, to help distinguish between the natural and artificial; in the fermentation industry and in the saccharification process to detect precise glucose concentrations; in metabolic engineering to enable in vivo monitoring of cellular metabolism. Biosensors and their role in medical science including early stage detection of human interleukin-10 causing heart diseases, rapid detection of human papilloma virus, etc. are important aspects. Fluorescent biosensors play a vital role in drug discovery and in cancer. Biosensor applications are prevalent in the plant biology sector to find out the missing links required in metabolic processes. Other applications are involved in defence, clinical sector, and for marine applications.

Biosensors and their applications - A review.

In the last decade the use of nanomaterials has been having a great impact in biosensing. In particular, the unique properties of noble metal nanoparticles have allowed for the development of new biosensing platforms with enhanced capabilities in the specific detection of bioanalytes. Noble metal nanoparticles show unique physicochemical properties (such as ease of functionalization via simple chemistry and high surface-to-volume ratios) that allied with their unique spectral and optical properties have prompted the development of a plethora of biosensing platforms. Additionally, they also provide an additional or enhanced layer of application for commonly used techniques, such as fluorescence, infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Herein we review the use of noble metal nanoparticles for biosensing strategies—from synthesis and functionalization to integration in molecular diagnostics platforms, with special focus on those that have made their way into the diagnostics laboratory.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/2/1657/pdf

Noble metal nanoparticles for biosensing applications.

Enzyme inhibition-based biosensors for food safety and environmental monitoring

Recent developments in the field of screen-printed electrodes and their related applications.

The study of electrochemical behavior of bioactive molecules has become one of the most rapidly developing scientific fields. Biotechnology and biomedical engineering fields have a vested interest in constructing more precise and accurate voltammetric/amperometric biosensors. One rapidly growing area of biosensor design involves incorporation of carbon-based nanomaterials in working electrodes, such as one-dimensional carbon nanotubes, two-dimensional graphene, and graphene oxide. In this review article, we give a brief overview describing the voltammetric techniques and how these techniques are applied in biosensing, as well as the details surrounding important biosensing concepts of sensitivity and limits of detection. Building on these important concepts, we show how the sensitivity and limit of detection can be tuned by including carbon-based nanomaterials in the fabrication of biosensors. The sensing of biomolecules including glucose, dopamine, proteins, enzymes, uric acid, DNA, RNA, and H2O2 traditionally employs enzymes in detection; however, these enzymes denature easily, and as such, enzymeless methods are highly desired. Here we draw an important distinction between enzymeless and enzyme-containing carbon-nanomaterial-based biosensors. The review ends with an outlook of future concepts that can be employed in biosensor fabrication, as well as limitations of already proposed materials and how such sensing can be enhanced. As such, this review can act as a roadmap to guide researchers toward concepts that can be employed in the design of next generation biosensors, while also highlighting the current advancements in the field.

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsnano.5b05690

Engineered Carbon-Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Biomolecules

Acetylcholinesterase (ChE) sensor based on Prussian blue (PB) modified electrode was developed and tested for the detection of organophosphorus and carbamic pesticides. The signal of the sensor was generated in PB mediated oxidation of thiocholine recorded at+200 mv in DC mode. ChE from electric eel was immobilized by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on the surface of screen-printed carbon electrode covered with PB and Nafion. The content of the surface layer (specific enzyme activity, Nafion and BSA amounts) was optimized to establish high and reliable response toward the substrate and ChE inhibitors. The ChE/PB sensor makes it possible to detect Aldicarb, Paraoxon and Parathion-Methyl with limits of detection 30, 10 and 5 ppb, respectively (incubation 10 min). The feasibility of practical application of the ChE/PB sensor developed for the monitoring of degradation of the pesticides in wine fermentation was shown. To diminish matrix interferences, the electrolysis of the grape juice with Al anode and evaporation of ethanol were suggested, however the procedures decrease the sensitivity of pesticide detection and stability of the sample tested.

/pdf/acetylcholinesterase-sensor-based-on-screen-printed-carbon-derw0nxzsh.pdf

Acetylcholinesterase sensor based on screen-printed carbon electrode modified with prussian blue

Electrochemical nanobiosensor for express diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in undiluted plasma.

Au-nanoparticles as an electrochemical sensing platform for aptamer-thrombin interaction.

Cardiac myoglobin detection was based on direct electron transfer between the Fe(III)-heme and the electrode surface that was modified with metal nanoparticles stabilized by didodecyldimethylammonium bromide and antibodies. Gold, silver and copper nanoparticles were tested as catalysts of the Fe(III)/Fe(II) electrode process. All experiments were carried out with human blood plasma samples of healthy donors and patients with acute myocardial infarction. The method proposed does not require labeled secondary antibodies. Immunosensor has a detection limit of 5 ng/mL and a broad range of working concentrations. The whole procedure takes 20 minutes and can be used to establish the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.

Elena V. Suprun

Papers

Acetylcholinesterase sensor based on screen-printed carbon electrode modified with prussian blue

Electrochemical nanobiosensor for express diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in undiluted plasma.

Au-nanoparticles as an electrochemical sensing platform for aptamer-thrombin interaction.

Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on Metal Nanoparticles for Cardiac Myoglobin Detection in Human Blood Plasma

Protein Electrochemistry: Application in Medicine. A Review