THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Statistical Databases

The literature on “entrepreneurial opportunities” has grown rapidly since the publication of Shane and Venkataraman (2000). By directing attention to the earliest stages of development of new economic activities and organizations, this marks sound redirection of entrepreneurship research. However, our review shows that theoretical and empirical progress has been limited on important aspects of the role of “opportunities” and their interaction with actors, i.e., the “nexus”. We argue that this is rooted in inherent and inescapable problems with the “opportunity” construct itself, when applied in the context of a prospective, micro-level (i.e., individual[s], venture, or individual–venture dyad) view of entrepreneurial processes. We therefore suggest a fundamental re-conceptualization using the constructs External Enablers, New Venture Ideas, and Opportunity Confidence to capture the many important ideas commonly discussed under the “opportunity” label. This re-conceptualization makes important distinctions where prior conceptions have been blurred: between explananda and explanantia; between actor and the entity acted upon; between external conditions and subjective perceptions, and between the contents and the favorability of the entity acted upon. These distinctions facilitate theoretical precision and can guide empirical investigation towards more fruitful designs.

Entrepreneurial opportunities and the entrepreneurship nexus : a re-conceptualization

International entrepreneurship involves the identification and exploitation of opportunities for international exchange. Yet little is known about the entrepreneurial methods used for opportunity recognition. While previous work emphasizes effects operating at the level of the business network, I propose that the recognition of exchange opportunities is a highly subjective process, shaped by entrepreneurs’ existing ties with others. Based on interview data collected from 41 managers, I develop a comprehensive measure for classifying different methods of opportunity recognition. I then use this measure to classify 665 international exchange ventures set up by entrepreneurs in four Chinese cities. In contrast with past research I find virtually no role for blind luck. Although the majority of exchange opportunities were discovered rather than sought, these discoveries were intentional rather than accidental. I also find that entrepreneurs’ idiosyncratic connections with others both promote and inhibit international exchange. Tie-based opportunities lead to higher-quality and more valuable exchanges that are constrained in terms of geographic, psychic and linguistic distance. From this I conclude that entrepreneurial networks have distinct opportunity horizons that limit the reach of tie-based exchanges and potentially lead to sub-optimal internationalization trajectories.

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Social ties and international entrepreneurship: Opportunities and constraints affecting firm internationalization

Purpose



– The purpose of this study is to investigate customer satisfaction and its effect on image, trust, and customer loyalty for Islamic banks.




Design/methodology/approach



– The study uses data from Islamic banks and dual‐window Islamic banks, pertaining to two different customer segments (Muslims and non‐Muslims).




Findings



– The results indicate that customer satisfaction has a significant relationship with image, image has a significant relationship with trust, and trust has a significant relationship with customer loyalty for both customer segments. Furthermore, significant differences occur in the effect of customer satisfaction on image, image on trust, and trust on customer loyalty between Muslim and non‐Muslim customers.




Practical implications



– The findings suggest that Muslim customers establish relationships with Islamic banks because they trust that Islamic banks are Shariah compliant. Therefore, providing secure banking products that are fully compliant with Islamic principles are necessary.




Originality/value



– This research is important as it clearly demonstrates that the loyalty of Muslim and non‐Muslim customers to Islamic banks is influenced by customers being satisfied, as well as the image of and trust in Islamic banks. In this context, when customers are unwilling to trust Islamic banks, they are also unwilling to be loyal.

Islamic banks: Contrasting the drivers of customer satisfaction on image, trust, and loyalty of Muslim and non‐Muslim customers in Malaysia

This study focuses on the success factors of necessity immigrant entrepreneurs It proposes a profile for the necessity immigrant entrepreneur as well as for the opportunity immigrant entrepreneur It clarifies the concept of success for immigrant entrepreneurs and suggests that the concept of survival is more appropriate for the necessity immigrant entrepreneurs and should mainly be measured by the age of the business, while the traditional concept of success is relevant for the opportunity immigrant entrepreneur and can be measured by the usual quantitative performance indicators Based on different existing theories, the study suggests a theoretical explanation of the survival factors of necessity immigrant entrepreneurs This contributed to propose a theoretical model of survival factors of necessity immigrant entrepreneurs This model, which represents the major contribution of this study, suggests five categories of survival factors: ethno-cultural factors, financial factors, managerial factors, psycho-behavioral factors, and institutional factors © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

The success factors of necessity immigrant entrepreneurs: In search of a model

Diaspora has been increasingly recognized by practitioners and scholars as an important factor of development in developing economies. Through their remittances and expertise, diaspora members have become an important source of foreign direct investment and managerial capabilities. Although the literature is glutted with examples of the impact of diaspora in fostering international entrepreneurship and reducing poverty, a theoretical foundation and framework is needed to explain this impact. This study explores a theoretical foundation of the diaspora entrepreneurship. A framework identifying the determinants of the diaspora’s international new venture creation in the country of origin is developed. The study suggests that diaspora international entrepreneurship depends on the level of altruistic motivation, need of social recognition, entrepreneurial opportunities, friendliness and receptivity of the home country, as well as integration of and support to immigrants in the host countries. Propositions for diaspora entrepreneurship are developed.

Engaging diasporas as international entrepreneurs in developing countries: In search of determinants

Immigrant entrepreneurship is an important socioeconomic phenomenon today. In major destination countries for immigrants such as the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia, immigrant entrepreneurship plays a critical role in economic development. The economic impact of immigrant entrepreneurship in the host country is well known, but the influence of immigrant entrepreneurship in the host country is not limited to its economic aspects. It includes important noneconomic effects such as the development of vibrant ethnic communities, social integration and recognition of immigrants, a nurturing entrepreneurial spirit, and providing role models for immigrants. From the management perspective, there are many aspects of immigrant entrepreneurship that are still unknown and need to be addressed. The purpose of this special issue is to shed light on some of those aspects. The articles selected to be published in this issue offer an excellent analysis of various important aspects of the topic, including the success factors of immigrant entrepreneurship, the influence of family networks, and the noneconomic effects of immigrant entrepreneurship. We believe the issue breaks new ground and offers excellent information on the topic. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Immigrant entrepreneurship: Scrutinizing a promising type of business venture

The immigrant entrepreneurs face many obstacles in host countries. Recently some researchers in management and economics have started to shade some light on these issues. However, there still remains much to be known about the phenomenon of immigrant entrepreneurship. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap. It focuses on the factors that can foster the survival and success of the immigrant entrepreneur. This research studies the factors that can help necessity immigrant entrepreneurs achieve businesses success in their host countries. It proposes a profile for the necessity immigrant entrepreneur and discuss the relevance of the concepts of success and survival for necessity immigrant entrepreneurs. The research proposes a model that is rooted in a theoretical explanation of the survival of immigrant entrepreneurs. This model has been tested through a multiple-case study of immigrant entrepreneurs in the Latin American community of Montreal, Canada, and the results are discussed.

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Survival of Necessity Immigrant Entrepreneurs: An Exploratory Study

Cross-cultural management research suffers from many shortcomings. While some of these shortcomings are related to methodology, others can be identified as epistemological problems. By recognizing that epistemological positions determine methodological approaches, this paper attempts to discuss both epistemological and methodological issues in cross-cultural research. Based on extant literature, major drawbacks are discussed and some suggestions for future research are presented.

/pdf/a-critical-review-of-epistemological-and-methodological-16uk69b9ly.pdf

Elie Chrysostome

Papers

The success factors of necessity immigrant entrepreneurs: In search of a model

Engaging diasporas as international entrepreneurs in developing countries: In search of determinants

Immigrant entrepreneurship: Scrutinizing a promising type of business venture

Survival of Necessity Immigrant Entrepreneurs: An Exploratory Study

A Critical Review of Epistemological and Methodological Issues in Cross-Cultural Research