羟氨苄青霉素引起大疱性类天疱疮样疹

Network structure, self-organization and the growth of international collaboration in science

After a review of developments in the quantitative study of science, particularly since the early 1970s, I focus on two current main lines of ‘measuring science’ based on bibliometric analysis. With the developments in the Leiden group as an example of daily practice, the measurement of research performance and, particularly, the importance of indicator standardisation are discussed, including aspects such as interdisciplinary relations, collaboration, ‘knowledge users’. Several important problems are addressed: language bias; timeliness; comparability of different research systems; statistical issues; and the ‘theory–invariance’ of indicators. Next, an introduction to the mapping of scientific fields is presented. Here basic concepts and issues of practical application of these ‘science maps’ are addressed. This contribution is concluded with general observations on current and near-future developments, including network–based approaches, necessary ‘next steps’ are formulated, and an answer is given to the question ‘Can science be measured?’ 1. TOWARD A METRIC OF SCIENCE REVISITED From the early sixties onwards we see a strong increase in quantitative material on the state-of-the art in science and technology. National institutes of statistics, UNESCO, OECD, and the European Commission are main examples of organisations starting to collect systematically data on the 1 The book Toward a metric of Science: The Advent of Science Indicators (Elkana et al., 1978) has always been a one of my major sources of inspiration. This contribution to the Handbook is based on earlier publications by the author (Van Raan 2000a; Van Raan and Noyons 2002).

Handbook of Quantitative Science and Technology Research: The Use of Publication and Patent Statistics in Studies of S&T Systems

The aim of this essay is to contribute to an improved comprehension of the university’s dynamics of change, as part of a larger transformation of the relationships between society’s key institutions. A distinction is made between seeing the University as an institution and as an instrument, and four visions of university organization are outlined. These are: the University as a community of scholars , an instrument for national purposes , a representative democracy , and a service enterprise embedded in competitive markets – four stylized models based on respectively (i) constitutive rules, (ii) command and hierarchy, (iii) bargaining and majority votes, and (iv) market prices and competitive selection. The essay then attends to one important type of environmental change: the emergence of European-level debates and policy making processes that take University dynamics beyond the frame of single universities and nation states. Do these environmental actors and forces generate imperatives for universities or do they point universities in different directions? Next, the significance of University actors, structures, legacies and dynamics are considered. How much discretion is there, what are the dilemmas facing the University, and does the ideal of the University as a fiduciary arrangement dedicated to academic excellence and freedom have a future? The last part suggests that an improved comprehension of University dynamics may depend on a better understanding of how institutional success, confusion and crisis can be related.

The Institutional Dynamics of the European University

Diaspora & transnationalism are widely used concepts in academic & political discourses. Although originally referring to quite different phenomena, they increasingly overlap today. Such inflation of meanings goes hand in hand with a danger of essentialising collective identities. This book analyses this topic.

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Diaspora and transnationalism : concepts, theories and methods

Preface. The Nationalization and Denationalization of the Sciences: An Introductory Essay E. Crawford, T. Shinn, S. Soerlin. National and International Aspects of Cross-boundary Science: Scientific Travel in the 18th Century S. Soerlin. Antarctica: The Construction of a Continent by and for Science A. Elzinga. The International Phytogeographical Excursions, 1911-1923: Intellectual Convergence in Vegetation Science K.S. Fischedick, T. Shinn. Migration and the Denationalization of Science P. Hoch, J. Platt. From Multidisciplinary Collaboration to Transnational Objectivity: International Space as Constitutive of Molecular Biology, 1930-1970 P. Abir-Am. National Political Cultures and the Exchange of Knowledge: The Case of Systems Ecology A. Jamison. Internationalism in Soviet World-Science: The Hungarian Case G. Pallo. Some Sociohistorical Aspects of Multiinstitutional Collaborations in High Energy Physics at Cern Between 1975-1985 J. Krige. Redesigning Solomon's House: Conflicts over the Role of University in the Internationalization of Science and Business H. Etzkowitz. Index.

Denationalizing science : the contexts of international scientific practice

List of figures List of tables Acknowledgements Introduction Part I. Conceptual and Historiographical Issues: 1. Methods for a social history of scientific development 2. First the nation: national and international science, 1880-1914 Part II. Critical and Empirical Studies: 3. Internationalism in science as a casualty of World War I 4. Centre-periphery relations in science: the case of Central Europe 5. National purpose and international symbols: the Kaiser-Wilhelm Society and the Nobel institution 6. Nobel laureates as an elite in American science Bibliographical essay Index.

Nationalism and internationalism in science, 1880-1939 : four studies of the Nobel population

The title of this volume is Denationalizing Science: The Contexts of International Scientific Practice. We have chosen it to indicate that we stand at the crossroads of two major currents that have affected the sciences in the past four hundred years: their nationalization and their denationalization. Both are on-going processes—with more new nation-states being born in the early 1990s than at any other time during the 20th century, the sciences are certainly still being nationalized — but as the title says, Denationalizing Science is to us now the prevailing trend. This means, first and foremost, that in the present growth of both national and transnational science, transnational science (1) (defined as activities involving persons, equipment or funds from more than one country) seems to be gaining the upper hand. The main purpose of this volume is to try to understand the reasons for the denationalization of science, its historical contexts and its social forms.

Elisabeth Crawford

Papers

Denationalizing science : the contexts of international scientific practice

Nationalism and internationalism in science, 1880-1939 : four studies of the Nobel population

The Nationalization and Denationalization of the Sciences: An Introductory Essay

Arrhenius: From Ionic Theory to the Greenhouse Effect

Arrhenius: From Ionic Theory to the Greenhouse Effect