1. Forms of Selenium.- 1.1 Low Molecular-Weight Compounds.- 1.1.1 Selenocysteine.- 1.1.2 Selenocystine.- 1.1.3 Selenohomocystine.- 1.1.4 Se-methylselenocysteine.- 1.1.5 Selenocystathionine.- 1.1.6 Selenomethionine.- 1.1.7 Se-methylselenomethionine.- 1.1.8 Dimethyl Selenide.- 1.1.9 Dimethyl Diselenide.- 1.1.10 Trimethyl Selenonium.- 1.1.11 Elemental Selenium.- 1.1.12 Selenotaurine.- 1.1.13 Selenocoenzyme A.- 1.1.14 Other Compounds.- 1.2 Macromolecular Forms of Selenium.- 1.2.1 Formate Dehydrogenase.- 1.2.2 Glycine Reductase.- 1.2.3 Nicotinic Acid Hydroxylase.- 1.2.4 Xanthine Hydrogenase.- 1.2.5 Thiolase.- 1.2.6 Glutathione Peroxidase.- 1.2.7 Miscellaneous Selenoproteins.- 1.2.8 Seleno-tRNA's.- 11.11 References.- 2. Selenium Deficiency Diseases in Animals.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Dietary Liver Necrosis and Factor 3.- 2.2.1 Discovery.- 2.2.2 Pathology.- 2.2.3 Biochemical Defect.- 2.2.4 Hepatosis Dietetica.- 2.3 Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy.- 2.3.1 Pathology.- 2.3.2 Prevention of NMD.- 2.4 Exudative Diathesis.- 2.5 Pancreatic Degeneration.- 2.6 Mulberry Heart Disease.- 2.7 Reproductive Problems.- 2.8 Myopathy of the Gizzard.- 2.9 Growth.- 2.10 Selenium-Responsive Unthriftiness of Sheep and Cattle.- 2.11 Periodontal Disease of Ewes.- 2.12 Encephalomalacia.- 11.11 References.- 3. Metabolism of Selenium.- 3.1 Absorption.- 3.2 Placental Transfer.- 3.3 Mechanism of the Antioxidant Action of Selenium.- 3.4 Effect of Paraquat.- 3.5 Effect on Cytochrome P-450.- 3.6 Selenium and Hepatic Heme Metabolism.- 11.11 References.- 4. Comparative Metabolism and Biochemistry of Selenium and Sulphur.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Comparative Metabolism of Selenium and Sulphur.- 4.2.1 Microorganisms.- 4.2.2 Plants.- 4.2.3 Animals.- 4.3 Comparative Biochemistry of Selenium and Sulphur.- 4.3.1 Selenopersulfide as an Electron Transfer Catalyst.- 4.3.2 Iron-Sulphur Proteins.- 4.3.3 Sulphur Salts and Selenium Toxicity in Animals.- 4.3.4 Other Selenium-Sulphur Interactions.- 11.11 References.- 5. Biological Interactions of Selenium with Other Substances.- 5.1 Cadmium.- 5.1.1 Pathological Effects.- 5.1.2 Cadmium-Zinc Interactions.- 5.1.3 Cadmium-Selenium Interactions.- 5.1.4 Effect on Drug Response.- 5.2 Arsenic.- 5.3 Copper.- 5.4 Silver.- 5.5 Cobalt.- 5.6 Manganese.- 5.7 Lead.- 5.8 Mercury.- 5.8.1 Inorganic and Organic Mercury.- 5.8.2 Tissue Distribution.- 5.8.3 Properties of the Mercury-Selenium Complex.- 5.8.4 Teratogenicity.- 5.9 Thallium.- 5.10 Tellurium.- 5.11 Vanadium.- 5.12 Bismuth.- 5.13 Other Substances.- 11.11 References.- 6. Environmental Occurrence of Selenium.- 6.1 Geochemistry of Selenium.- 6.2 Soil Selenium.- 6.3 Uptake and Concentration of Trace Elements in the Roots, Stems, and Leaves of Plants.- 6.4 Forage Selenium.- 6.5 Selenium in Water.- 6.6 Selenium in Food.- 6.7 Intakes and Recommended Daily Allowance in Humans.- 6.8 Regulations in Regard to Animal Diets.- 11.11 References.- 7. Toxicity of Selenium.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.1.1 Acute Toxicity.- 7.1.2 Blind Staggers.- 7.1.3 Alkalai Disease.- 7.1.4 Toxicity in Rabbits.- 7.1.5 Toxicity in Hamsters.- 7.1.6 Toxicity in Sheep.- 7.1.7 Toxicity in Rats.- 7.1.8 Effect of Diet on Toxicity.- 7.1.9 Biochemical Lesions.- 7.1.10 LD50 of Various Selenium Compounds.- 7.2 Industrial Medical Aspects.- 7.2.1 Occupational Hazards.- 7.2.2 Permissible Limits for Selenium Exposure.- 7.2.3 Toxicity in Humans.- 11.11 References.- 8. Selenium in Health and Disease.- 8.1 Selenium and Cancer.- 8.1.1 Skin Cancer.- 8.1.2 Liver Cancer.- 8.1.3 Colon Cancer.- 8.1.4 Breast Cancer.- 8.1.5 Tracheal Cancer.- 8.1.6 Chemotherapeutic Effect of Selenium.- 8.1.7 Epidemiological Relationship.- 8.1.8 Selenium Blood Levels in Cancer Patients.- 8.1.9 Selenium as a Carcinogen.- 8.2 Selenium and Mutagenesis.- 8.2.1 Antimutagenicity.- 8.2.2 Mutagenicity.- 8.3 Selenium and Immunity.- 8.3.1 Effect of Selenium on Humoral Immunity.- 8.3.2 Cell-Mediated Immunity.- 8.3.3 Nonspecific Immune Effects of Selenium.- 8.4 Selenium and Dental Caries.- 8.5 The Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Selenium.- 8.6 Selenium and Heart Disease.- 8.6.1 Animals.- 8.6.2 Humans.- 8.7 Selenium and Aging.- 8.8 Cystic Fibrosis.- 8.9 Multiple Sclerosis.- 8.10 Cataracts.- 8.11 Other Diseases.- 8.12 Radioselenium as a Diagnostic Agent.- 11.11 References.- 9. Synthetic Forms of Selenium and Their Chemotherapeutic Uses.- 9.1 Anti-Infective Agents.- 9.1.1 Antibacterial.- 9.1.2 Antiviral.- 9.2 Antifungal Agents.- 9.3 Antiparasitic Agents.- 9.4 Compounds Affecting the Central Nervous System.- 9.4.1 Hypnotics.- 9.4.2 Analgesics and Local Anesthetics.- 9.4.3 Tranquilizing Drugs.- 9.5 Compounds that Affect the Autonomic Nervous System.- 9.6 Compounds that Affect the Circulatory System.- 9.7 Anti-Inflammatory Compounds.- 9.8 Antihistamines.- 9.9 Anticancer Agents.- 9.10 Antiradiation Agents.- 9.11 Steroids.- 9.12 Selenocoenzyme A.- 9.13 Selenium-Containing Carbohydrates.- 9.14 Seleno-Amino Acids.- 11.11 References.- 10. Analytical Methods of Selenium Determination.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Sample Preparation and Storage.- 10.3 Destructive Analysis.- 10.3.1 Ashing.- 10.3.2 Closed-System Combustion.- 10.3.3 Wet Digestion.- 10.3.4 Measurement of Selenium.- 10.4 Nondestructive Analysis.- 10.4.1 Neutron Activation Analysis.- 10.4.2 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis.- 10.4.3 Proton-Induced X-Ray Emission.- References.

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Biochemistry of selenium.

Osteoporosis is a multifactorial disease with dimensions of genetics, endocrine function, exercise and nutritional considerations. Of particular considerations are calcium (Ca) status, Vitamin D, fluoride, magnesium and other trace elements. Several trace elements, particularly copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn), are essential in bone metabolism as cofactors for specific enzymes. Our investigations regarding the role of Cu, Mn and Zn in bone metabolism include data from studies with animals on Cu- and Mn-deficient diets. We have also demonstrated cellular deficiencies using bone powder implants, as well as fundamental changes in organic matrix constituents. In clinical studies we have demonstrated the efficacy of Ca, Cu, Mn and Zn supplementation on spinal bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Each of these studies demonstrated the necessity of trace elements for optimal bone matrix development and bone density sustenance.

The role of trace minerals in osteoporosis.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/1D9E662CFCD60855CC99CF4B13DFC343/S0954422492000143a.pdf/div-class-title-trace-element-nutrition-and-bone-metabolism-div.pdf

Trace Element Nutrition and Bone Metabolism

The human environment contains more than 50 metal or metalloid elements. At least 15 are recognized as trace elements, with zinc, calcium, copper, magnesium, and iron having specific roles in skin morphogenesis and function. The present review focuses on the presumed role of metal ions in the skin, their competition for carrier proteins, and membrane receptors. Evidence presented shows that the balance of trace metal ions is critical for normal skin and repair mechanisms following injury. Xenobiotic ions can impair this balance, leading to pathological change. The skin acts as an organ of elimination of excess trace metals and xenobiotic ions from the body, but mechanisms of voidance vary for different metals.Metal ions are an important cause of allergies, and evidence is presented to show that the majority of metals or metal compounds can induce allergic changes. Except for chromium and nickel, which are among the most common human allergens, animal models have provided little information.At leas...

Elizabeth M. Wien

Papers

Studies on the role of manganese in bone formation. II. Effect upon chondroitin sulfate synthesis in chick epiphyseal cartilage.