For at least fifteen years, with ever increasing frequency and extent, weather modification and/or climate alteration investigations have been conducted without public disclosure to perfect a covert methodology for inhibiting rainfall to deliberately damage a sovereign nation’s agri-cultural economy. This research discloses methodology for inhibiting rainfall, the evidence of coal combustion fly ash utilization, the adverse consequences on agriculture, and the adverse health implications on biota, including humans. The harm to agriculture comes primarily from aluminum addition to soil, changing soil pH and changing historic weather patterns. Aluminum in a chemically mobile form, not only harms plants, but is toxic to most biota, including humans. The micron and submicron particulates are used for weather modification contain heavy metals and radioactive elements which pose potentially grave human health threats including, but not limited to, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, respiratory diseases and reduced male fertility. Understanding that methodology and its adverse consequences by the agricultural community is crucial to identify and stop covert operations aimed at damaging the agricultural economy of a sovereign nation.

https://www.agrivita.ub.ac.id/index.php/agrivita/article/download/866/760

Adverse agricultural consequences of weather modification

This study aimed to develop the cacao ( Theobroma cacao L.) in vitro regeneration system through somatic embryogenesis on kinetin supplemented DKW medium and somaclonal variation assessment using SSR markers.  Callus were initiated from basal petal and staminoid explants cultured on callus induction (CI) medium contained DKW basalt salts and kinetin:2,4-D ratios of  1:15.5, 1:7.8 or 1:3.9 and then transferred onto secondary callus growth (SCG) medium contained WPM basalt salts and kinetin:2,4-D ratios of 1:7.8 or 1:3.9. The calli were then subsequently transferred onto embryo development medium contained DKW basal salts with or without the addition of amino acids, adenine or activated charcoal for the formation of somatic embryos. Nine cacao genotypes were tested for their  ability to develop somatic embryos. Results of this study indicated DKW medium supplemented with Kinetin in combination with 2,4-D effectively induced cacao somatic embryogenesis. The highest somatic embryos formation was abtained from kinetin:2,4-D ratio of 1:3.9 and 1:7.8 in CI and SCG medium respectively. Cacao genotype responses were highly explant type dependent. The developed method resulted in a high percentage of somatic embryo formation (5.6-66.7%), germination (50%)  and plantlet conversion (65%) and a medium percentage of somaclonal variations based on SSRs marker analysis.

https://agrivita.ub.ac.id/index.php/agrivita/article/download/619/672

EFFECTIVE CACAO SOMATIC EMBRYO REGENERATION ON KINETIN SUPPLEMENTED DKW MEDIUM AND SOMACLONAL VARIATION ASSESSMENT USING SSRs MARKERS

The problems of soybean cultivation on tidal land are low in soil fertility, aluminum (Al) toxicity and poor availability of macro nutrients. Soil acidity and Al toxicity are often fixed by liming. The research aimed to determine the calculation method of lime requirement and its application method for soybean on tidal land. The research was conducted on tidal land in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Treatment consisted of two factors and arranged in randomize complete block design, replicated three times. The first factor was the method of lime rate calculation: (1) no liming,(2) liming based on10% of Al saturation, (3) liming based on 20% of Al saturation, (4) liming based on 30% of Al saturation, (5) liming based on 0.5 x exchangeable Al, and (6) liming based on 1 x exchangeable Al. The second factor was the method of application: (1) surface,and (2) mixed within 20 cm soil depth. The results showed that liming by mixing dolomite with soil within 20 cm depth resulted in 8% higher plant height compared to that applied on the soil surface.  The highest yield was obtained when liming at rate equivalent to 10% of Al saturation was mixed with soil within 20 cm depth.

https://agrivita.ub.ac.id/index.php/agrivita/article/download/683/664

Effect of lime application on soil properties and soybean yield on tidal land

Palm oil mill contributed a significant benefit to agro-based industry and social-economic for Malaysia. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is considered as a polluted wastewater and the treated POME sludge was produced from the open treatment ponds. The objective of this study was to determine the physicochemical characteristics of treated POME sludge and its potential as an organic fertilizer. It was collected from the dumping ponds in Felda Jengka 8, palm oil mill. Physicochemical characteristics, sampling and preparation of samples were analyzed according to the standard method of soil and the wastewater. The samples were collected after one and six month of age with different depths (one, two and three meters). The statistical analysis revealed that the depth was not significant on the physicochemical characteristics. The characteristics of the treated POME sludge was measures using CHNS-O, C/N ratio, solid analysis, heavy metal, macro and micronutrient, moisture content, and pH. However, the elements of oxygen, iron and pH were shown an interaction effects with time. In conclusion, the treated POME sludge has shown significant effect and the potential used as an organic fertilizer. Indeed, further studies on crops response are being conducted to prove the findings.

https://agrivita.ub.ac.id/index.php/agrivita/article/download/753/705

The potential of treated palm oil mill effluent (pome) sludge as an organic fertilizer

Drought is a natural hazard indicated by the decreasing of rainfall and water storage and impacting agricultural sector. Agricultural drought assessment has been used to monitor agricultural sustainability, particularly in East Java as national agricultural production center. Identification of drought characteristics –correlated with El Nino-Southern Oscillation, and agricultural impact on paddy fields and rice production using VHI (Vegetation Health Index) were conducted. VHI is produced by TCI (Temperature Condition Index) and VCI (Vegetation Condition Index) derived from MODIS satellite data, LST (Land Surface Temperature) and EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index), respectively. The results showed agricultural drought usually started in June, maximum in October and ended in November. Onset and end time drought tends to follow monsoonal rainfall pattern. El Nino 2015 showed long duration of agricultural drought (i.e. ± 5 months), high severity (i.e. mild-extreme drought; VHI 0-40) and areal extent of drought approx. 197,343 km2, while during La Nina 2010 the areal extent was approx. 28,685 km2 with mild-severe drought (VHI 10-40). Impact of agricultural drought on paddy fields showed wider (smaller) areal extent in sub-round 3 (sub-round 1) from September-December (January-April). Areal extent of drought was negatively correlated with rice production (r=-0.79) which significant in 99 % confidence level.

https://agrivita.ub.ac.id/index.php/agrivita/article/download/1080/895

Analysis of Agricultural Drought in East Java Using Vegetation Health Index

This study compared hydro- and osmo-priming to determine period needed for seed priming indicator to emerge and its effect against water stress on germination percentage of some aerobic rice cultivars ( Oryza sativa L.). Experiments were arranged in completely randomized design using three aerobic rice cultivars and PEG with four replications. Rice varieties (Inpago-8, IR64 and Situ Bagendit) were combined with four different PEG concentrations. Drought stress was simulated by different PEG solutions and with distilled water as control. Results indicated differentiations between hydro and on priming indicator time, while varietal difference was not significant. Fastest recorded time was obtained between 30-36 hours under hydro priming, PEG 100 g L -1 (63-69 hours) and 83-93 hours in PEG 200 g L -1 solution. Thus showing increased solution concentration led to prolonged priming indicator time. The highest germination percentage was obtained in Situ Bagendit treated with PEG 200 mg L -1 (90.25%) and the lowest obtained in Inpago-8 (75.75%) under control. It is better to use osmo-priming (PEG 200 g L -1 ) for teaching aerobic rice seed against drought stress. More research is needed to confirm benefits of seed treatment with PEG to cultivated crops under water stress, drought and salinity conditions.

https://www.agrivita.ub.ac.id/index.php/agrivita/article/download/886/787

COMPARISON BETWEEN HYDRO- AND OSMO-PRIMING TO DETERMINE PERIOD NEEDED FOR PRIMING INDICATOR AND ITS EFFECT ON GERMINATION PERCENTAGE OF AEROBIC RICE CULTIVARS (Oryza sativa L.)

Elkheir Hassaballah Abdallah

Papers

COMPARISON BETWEEN HYDRO- AND OSMO-PRIMING TO DETERMINE PERIOD NEEDED FOR PRIMING INDICATOR AND ITS EFFECT ON GERMINATION PERCENTAGE OF AEROBIC RICE CULTIVARS (Oryza sativa L.)