Adaptive hypermedia is a new direction of research within the area of adaptive and user model-based interfaces. Adaptive hypermedia (AH) systems build a model of the individual user and apply it for adaptation to that user, for example, to adapt the content of a hypermedia page to the user's knowledge and goals, or to suggest the most relevant links to follow. AH systems are used now in several application areas where the hyperspace is reasonably large and where a hypermedia application is expected to be used by individuals with different goals, knowledge and backgrounds. This paper is a review of existing work on adaptive hypermedia. The paper is centered around a set of identified methods and techniques of AH. It introduces several dimensions of classification of AH systems, methods and techniques and describes the most important of them.

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Methods and techniques of adaptive hypermedia

Adaptive hypermedia is a relatively new direction of research on the crossroads of hypermedia and user modeling. Adaptive hypermedia systems build a model of the goals, preferences and knowledge of each individual user, and use this model throughout the interaction with the user, in order to adapt to the needs of that user. The goal of this paper is to present the state of the art in adaptive hypermedia at the eve of the year 2000, and to highlight some prospects for the future. This paper attempts to serve both the newcomers and the experts in the area of adaptive hypermedia by building on an earlier comprehensive review (Brusilovsky, 1996; Brusilovsky, 1998).

Adaptive Hypermedia

One distinctive feature of any adaptive system is the user model that represents essential information about each user This chapter complements other chapters of this book in reviewing user models and user modeling approaches applied in adaptive Web systems The presentation is structured along three dimensions: what is being modeled, how it is modeled, and how the models are maintained After a broad overview of the nature of the information presented in these various user models, the chapter focuses on two groups of approaches to user model representation and maintenance: the overlay approach to user model representation and the uncertainty-based approach to user modeling

User models for adaptive hypermedia and adaptive educational systems

This paper consists of an in-depth summary and analysis of the research and development state of the art for intelligent tutoring system (ITS) authoring systems. A seven-part categorization of two dozen authoring systems is given, followed by a characterization of the authoring tools and the types of ITSs that are built for each category. An overview of the knowledge acquisition and authoring techniques used in these systems is given. A characterization of the design tradeoffs involved in building an ITS authoring system is given. Next the pragmatic questions of real use, productivity findings, and evaluation are discussed. Finally, I summarize the major unknowns and bottlenecks to having widespread use of ITS authoring tools. (http://aied.inf.ed.ac.uk/members99/archive/vol_10/murray/full.html)

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Authoring Intelligent Tutoring Systems: An analysis of the state of the art

Currently, Web-based educational systems form one of the fastest growing areas in educational technology research and development. Benefits of Web-based education are independence of teaching and learning with respect to time and space. Courseware installed and maintained in one place may be used by a huge number of users all over the world. A challenging research goal is the development of adaptive and intelligent Web-based educational systems (W-AIES) that offer some amount of adaptivity and intelligence.

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Adaptive and Intelligent Web-based Educational Systems

Making ITS available on the World Wide Web (WWW) is a way to integrate the flexibility and intelligence of ITS with world-wide availability of WWW applications This paper discusses the problems of developing WWW-available ITS and, in particular, the problem of porting existing ITS to a WWW platform We present the system ELM-ART which is a WWW-based ITS to support learning programming in Lisp ELM-ART demonstrates how several known ITS technologies can be implemented in WWW context

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ELM-ART: An Intelligent Tutoring System on World Wide Web

Web-Based Education for All: A Tool for Development Adaptive Courseware.

Many Web-based educational applications are expected to be used by very different groups of users without the assistance of a human teacher. Accordingly there is a need for systems which can adapt to users with very different backgrounds, prior knowledge of the subject and learning goals. An electronic textbook is one of the most prominent varieties of Web-based educational systems. In this paper we describe an approach for developing adaptive textbooks and present InterBook—an authoring tool based on this approach which simplifies the development of adaptive electronic textbooks on the Web.

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Web-based education for all: a tool for development adaptive courseware

The World-Wide Web is an inherently distributed environment. As the web becomes a more important medium for education, we need to consider how different educational systems might interact. Adaptive systems are especially promising in this regard, since they offer the potential to customize themselves to suit students who have not yet used the system. In this paper, we describe our efforts to construct an integrated system which incorporates conceptual instruction through InterBook and problem-solving interaction through PAT Online. InterBook and PAT Online are two separate Web-based adaptive tutoring systems. To achieve a better level of adaptivity these systems interact and exchange information about the user’s progress.

Distributed intelligent tutoring on the web

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Elmar W. Schwarz

Papers

ELM-ART: An Intelligent Tutoring System on World Wide Web

Web-Based Education for All: A Tool for Development Adaptive Courseware.

Web-based education for all: a tool for development adaptive courseware

Distributed intelligent tutoring on the web

A Tool for Developing Adaptive Electronic Textbooks on WWW