Earnings Management and Investor Protection: An International Comparison

For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy Towards Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future

within the context of an international framework that shapes related actions and decisions at all levels.1 This framework is defined here as the spectrum of agreements, mechanisms, instruments and actors governing and driving climate change action globally. The overall structure of this framework is complex and multidimensional in that it is comprised of elements that are quite different and distinct in many of their functions and approaches, constituencies, scope and focus.2 While international agreements negotiated by national governments such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol remain crucial aspects of the framework, they are not the only mechanisms governing climate change action. Other layers of intervention have become equally important in implementing innovative climate change responses and policies, including those at the regional, subnational and local levels. Cities have a vital role to play in the implementation and achievement of commitments within the international climate change framework. They also stand to benefit from the opportunities created by this framework for local responses to climate change. Yet, local-level actors and authorities often lack an understanding of the nature and functioning of the various components of the international climate change framework and how they could utilize these to enhance their mitigation and adaptation strategies. For instance, many decision-makers operating at the city level lack a working knowledge of the opportunities and constraints associated with international financing options, including those established as part of the UNFCCC.3 In view of this, the aim of this chapter is to highlight the key elements of the international climate change framework and its effects on interventions at the local level. It is also intended to frame discussions of climate change conditions, trends and policies in the rest of this Global Report. The chapter starts by briefly describing the process by which climate change emerged as an issue of international concern culminating in the establishment of the UNFCCC as the key element of the international regime governing climate change issues. The core mechanisms, instruments and financing strategies of this Convention are then outlined. The Kyoto Protocol is also reviewed as the main international treaty with legally binding emission reduction commitments. Subsequently, the key actors, components and actions of climate governance at the international, regional, national and sub-national levels are considered. Finally, the implications of the international climate change framework for local action at the city level are outlined.

United nations framework convention on climate change

The analysis of inequality is placed in the context of recent developments in economics and statistics.

Measurement of inequality

Mapping out the sharing economy: A configurational approach to sharing business modeling

Research background: Enterprises manage earnings in an effort to balance their profit fluctuations to provide increasingly consistent earnings in every reporting period Earnings management is legal and very effective method of accounting techniques and may be used to obtain specific objectives of the enterprises involving the manipulation of accruals Therefore, there is a need to analyze it in the context of group of countries, while the issue of their detection in the new ways appears 
Purpose of the article: The analysis of annual earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) of 5,640 enterprises from the Visegrad Four during the period 2009?2018 confirms that the development of earnings management in these countries is not a randomness Thus, the aim of this article is to determine the existence of positive trend in earnings management and to detect the change-point in its development for each Visegrad country
Methods: Grubbs test, Mann-Kendall trend test and Buishand test were used as appropriate statistical methods Mann-Kendall test identifies significant monotonic trend occurrence in earnings manipulation in every country Buishand test indicates significant years, which divides the development of EBIT into two homogenous groups with individual central lines
Findings & Value added: Based on the statistical analysis applied, we rejected randomness in the managing of earning, but we determined the trend of its increasing The positive earnings manipulation was not homogenous in the analyzed period, however, a change-point was defined Year 2014 was identified as a break-point for Slovak, Polish and Hungarian enterprises considering the earnings manipulation Year 2013 was detected as a change-point in Czech enterprises The methodical approach used may be very helpful for researchers from other countries to determine, detect and understand earnings management as well as for the investors to make decisions based on a specificities of an individual country

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Advanced methods of earnings management: monotonic trends and change-points under spotlight in the Visegrad countries

.The mainstay of the paper is formed by an analysis of the need for leadership continuity and stability, organizational change in the public sector, and the role of HR professionals in local government units. Thus, my aim in this paper is to examine the relationship between employee discipline practices and organization culture, the shift towards the neo-managerial model, and conditions that brought about the changes in personnel administration.JEL codes: O19, D23, D73Keywords: organizational change, public sector, manager, employee1. IntroductionConsiderable research attention has focused on the underlying conceptual values on the need for diversity in organizations, the relationship between public sector reform and processes of identity formation, and market-based and performance-driven change programs. The material gathered in this study provides a rich and diverse context for understanding the role of managers in the change process, the influence of culture on employee discipline, the multiplicity of conditions that are working in concert to change the public workplace, and the flaws of the rigid civil service system.2. Managing Workforce Diversity and the Organizational Change ProcessBatchelder and Alexander write that the use of "at-will" employment practices1 have come full circle from the spoils system, through the meritsystem, and are returning now to a modified political patronage system: managers should receive institutional incentives, encouragement, and sup- port to develop and augment their personnel-related management techniques and strategies. Public administration officials are operating in a shifting environment. The political-administrative separation acted as a check on the corruptive influences of the spoils system. Bureaucracies are slow to react to the changing demands of managerial, employee, and customer needs.A related point is that there are advantages and disadvantages to the changes that are occurring in personnel management. As Batchelder and Alexander explain, employees can no longer be treated as "costs" or "resources" as they were under the bureaucratic paradigm. Managers must develop a new skill-set to be able to effectively deal with contractors providing government services. Government employment is returning to a modified civil-service system. The goal of civil-service reform is strengthening the authority of middle and lower managers. "Reinventing" government will modify the civil service system and bring about a greater use of the merit-based performance system.2Franklin and Pagan hold that explanations for variation in discipline practices can be discerned by exploring the influence of cultural cues supervisors receive regarding appropriate behavior. First-line supervisors face the challenge of deciding what action to take when faced with employee performance problems. In terms of employee discipline, an organization's culture could define what a supervisor should consider as a problem that must be addressed, prescribing what an acceptable response is. The supervisor has discretion in determining what constitutes a discipline problem requiring action. The use of informal strategies should examine the cultural cues that supervisors receive regarding how they should handle discipline problems. Norms on discipline are shaped in practice by a whole range of informal practices.But perhaps even more importantly is that the choice of discipline strategies may be based on cultural cues suggesting that formal strategies are not the way things are done in an organization. Franklin and Pagan focus on operationalize culture as a system of shared values and beliefs constructed by an organization3 and by its employees through tangible and intangible cues. New employees learn culture after they enter the organization. In terms of employee discipline, ensuring consistency in supervisors' actions can depend on the resources committed to a systematic acculturation process. …

Organizational Culture In The Public Sector

The recent transformation of the national economies has raised numerous theoretical and practical aspects in measuring economic growth, welfare, environmental performance, and competitiveness, representing a challenging research topic within the context of economic paradigm transformation. Despite its importance, a fully operational model to be used in any context has not yet been designed. The main aim of this paper is to evaluate and analyze the macroeconomic dimension of the three determinants of sustainable competitiveness: the economic environment, the social environment, and the natural environment, at both the European and Romanian levels. This paper used the Hierarchical Clustering methodology, aiming at evaluating the global competitiveness in terms of a sustainable development model, using four indices: Human Development Index, Environmental Performance Index, Global Competitiveness Index, and GDP per capita. The clusters were designed on the basis of the role of the indices in assessment of the sustainable performances of the countries and also of the possible convergences between them. The results could sustain the conclusion that these indices are not able to offer an exhaustive image of the sustainable performances assessment. A new complex indicator could be considered in order to design a convergence model for the EU member states.

Measuring Sustainable Competitiveness in Contemporary Economies—Insights from European Economy

1. IntroductionThe need for participation comes to some extent from its strength to further economic undertaking among individuals with restricted earning capacity in the formal economy. The sharing economy generates novel manners of supplying products and services (Lazaroiu, 2015a, b, c), and chances for connected consumption, being dependent on peer-to-peer connections. Involvement in the sharing economy is driven by economic and ecological interests, in addition to an inclination to boost social relationships. The market tendency and administration of sharing economy platforms are pivotal features configuring them and their capacity to supply genuinely complementary economic agreements. The novel sharing economy is differentiated from former kinds of sharing by its capacity to further sharing between strangers. The social duty of sharing signifies that exchange collaborators do not associate as paradigmatic egotistical, self-governing participants. Participation among relatives and community guarantees that exchange collaborators have a foundation for confidence established on pre-existing social connections (Lazaroiu, 2013), and guarantees the kinds of informal social controls required to bring about detached trust. The capacity to further participation between strangers is a decisive characteristic of organizations and practices (Popescu, 2013) that are component of the rising sharing economy. (Schor and Fitzmaurice, 2015)2. The Platforms and Practices of the Sharing EconomyThe sharing economy requires the involvement of physical assets and services among individuals: technological systems, platforms, and marketplaces back the exchange of belongings and services in the sharing economy. Individuals are distributing assets to augment their income and employing others' goods to make economies. Sharing economy platforms enable individuals within and across communities to link with people to supply and gain from fundamental skills and services. Numerous utilizations of the sharing economy necessitate some confidence between strangers to function. People having resources with declining capacity during some period of time and being able to optimize the usefulness of the declining resources assist the sharing economy function. Participation is an ordinary method in which especially lowincome groups make economies (the sharing economy provides a chance to save resources via sharing). There is a demand for unbiased mutual exchange, concerted effectiveness and income generation for the sharing economy to function most beneficially among marginalized communities. (Dillahunt and Malone, 2015) The rising sharing economy is notably appealing in the circumstances of cities that have problems with population growth and increasing density. In a sharing framework, the private sphere has advanced business patterns to aim at a market deficiency (Nica, 2013), in the private and public mobility marketplace, emerged because of the enlarged overcrowding in cities, the absence of adequate access to quality transit choices in addition to the insufficiency of inexpensive private and clean vehicles for users (the private sphere has established an excess of various business patterns in the collective mobility marketplace). The sharing economy may be the subsequent phase in the development of essentially reconstituting how economies function, and may make a significant difference in facilitating a wide-ranging change in international and local economies toward sustainability (it has seen competitors from startups and multinational companies). (Cohen and Kietzmann, 2014)An emerging sharing economy has brought collaborative utilization as a real likelihood (Lazaroiu, 2014) to people. From an economic perspective, and in the unavailability of reputational considerations, distributing a resource is tempting when the anticipated advantages of the transaction eclipse the antic- ipated expenses. An essential obstacle to participation is a lender's worry concerning harm because of unnoticeable operations by a renter, commonly generating mora l hazard. …

The social sustainability of the sharing economy

Earnings management is one of the most challenging, debated and controversial topics in finance and financial management. Organisational, legislative, and social norms regarding the ethics of earni...

Elvira Nica

Papers

Advanced methods of earnings management: monotonic trends and change-points under spotlight in the Visegrad countries

Organizational Culture In The Public Sector

Measuring Sustainable Competitiveness in Contemporary Economies—Insights from European Economy

The social sustainability of the sharing economy

Earnings management in V4 countries: the evidence of earnings smoothing and inflating