5.1. Detection Formats 475 5.2. Food Quality and Safety Analysis 477 5.2.1. Pathogens 477 5.2.2. Toxins 479 5.2.3. Veterinary Drugs 479 5.2.4. Vitamins 480 5.2.5. Hormones 480 5.2.6. Diagnostic Antibodies 480 5.2.7. Allergens 481 5.2.8. Proteins 481 5.2.9. Chemical Contaminants 481 5.3. Medical Diagnostics 481 5.3.1. Cancer Markers 481 5.3.2. Antibodies against Viral Pathogens 482 5.3.3. Drugs and Drug-Induced Antibodies 483 5.3.4. Hormones 483 5.3.5. Allergy Markers 483 5.3.6. Heart Attack Markers 484 5.3.7. Other Molecular Biomarkers 484 5.4. Environmental Monitoring 484 5.4.1. Pesticides 484 5.4.2. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) 485 5.4.3. Aromatic Hydrocarbons 485 5.4.4. Heavy Metals 485 5.4.5. Phenols 485 5.4.6. Polychlorinated Biphenyls 487 5.4.7. Dioxins 487 5.5. Summary 488 6. Conclusions 489 7. Abbreviations 489 8. Acknowledgment 489 9. References 489

Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors for Detection of Chemical and Biological Species

Review of the use of biosensors as analytical tools in the food and drink industries

In the year 2003 there was a 17% increase in the number of publications citing work performed using optical biosensor technology compared with the previous year. We collated the 962 total papers for 2003, identified the geographical regions where the work was performed, highlighted the instrument types on which it was carried out, and segregated the papers by biological system. In this overview, we spotlight 13 papers that should be on everyone's 'must read' list for 2003 and provide examples of how to identify and interpret high-quality biosensor data. Although we still find that the literature is replete with poorly performed experiments, over-interpreted results and a general lack of understanding of data analysis, we are optimistic that these shortcomings will be addressed as biosensor technology continues to mature.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jmr.753

Survey of the year 2003 commercial optical biosensor literature

Pernicious anemia is a common cause of megaloblastic anemia throughout the world and especially in persons of European or African descent. Dietary deficiency of vitamin B12 due to vegetarianism is increasing and causes hyperhomocysteinemia. The breast-fed infant of a vitamin B12-deficient mother is at risk for severe developmental abnormalities, growth failure, and anemia. Elevated methylmalonic acid and/or total homocysteine are sensitive indicators of vitamin B12-deficient diets and correlate with clinical abnormalities. Dietary vitamin B12 deficiency is a severe problem in the Indian subcontinent, Mexico, Central and South America, and selected areas in Africa. Dietary vitamin B12 deficiency is not prevalent in Asia, except in vegetarians. Areas for research include intermittent vitamin B12 supplement dosing and better measurements of the bioavailability of B12 in fermented vegetarian foods and algae.

Vitamin b12 deficiency as a worldwide problem

The newborn calf is dependent upon colostrum for disease resistance because the separation of maternal and fetal blood supplies prevents the in utero transfer of immune factors. Agammaglobulinemic at birth, calves are dependent upon colostrum not only for the transfer of immunoglobulins but also for the absorption of immune cells, cytokines, other nonspecific immunologic substances, nutritional elements, and important growth factors [1]. Colostrum contains more protein, immunoglobulins, nonprotein nitrogen, fat, ash, vitamins, and minerals than milk. Although the importance of colostrum has been appreciated for almost 100 years, failure of immune transfer is a common problem amongst dairy calves [2–7]. Low serum immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) concentration in calves, the basis for the condition called failure of passive transfer (FPT), is correlated with economic loss from disease susceptibility, a negative impact on future productivity, and mortality in dairy calves [5,8–11]. The transfer of immunity from colostrum ingestion is generally considered to be adequate if serum IgG concentration is 1000 mg/dL [12]. Serum total protein concentration 5.2 g/dL in healthy, well-hydrated calves or 5.5 g/dL in clinically ill calves is also considered a measure of adequate passive transfer of immunity [12–15]. The majority of deaths among calves with serum IgG concentrations \1000 mg/dL are blamed on lack of immunoglobulin intake [5,11]. FPT can be the result of inadequate colostrum formation, ingestion, or absorption. The factors believed to play critical roles are the timing of

https://www.vetfood.theclinics.com/article/S0749-0720(04)00054-4/pdf

Managing the production, storage, and delivery of colostrum

in arange of foods The analytical technique was config-ured as a biosensor-based, nonlabeled inhibitionprotein-binding assay using nonintrinsic R-proteinSample extraction conditions were optimized, andboth ligand specificity and nonspecific binding con-siderations were evaluated Performance parametersincluded a quantitation range of 008–240 ng/mL, re-coveries of 89–106 % , agreement against assignedreference values for 3 independent certified foodreference materials, and a mean between-laboratoryreproducibility relative standard deviation of 49% The proposed method was compared with referencemicrobiological and radioisotope protein-bindingmethods for a range of food samples A wide selec-tion of milks, infant formulas, meats, and liver wereevaluated for their vitamin B

/pdf/determination-of-vitamin-b12-in-milk-products-and-selected-2i7w11w0dp.pdf

Determination of Vitamin B12 in Milk Products and Selected Foods by Optical Biosensor Protein-Binding Assay: Method Comparison

Biomolecular interaction analysis was evaluated for the automated analysis of biotin- and folate-supplemented infant formulas and milk powders. The technique was configured as a biosensor-based, nonlabeled inhibition immunoassay using monoclonal antibodies raised against analyte-conjugate. Sample extraction conditions were optimized and antibodies were evaluated for cross-reactivity. Performance parameters included a quantitation range of 2-70 ng/mL, recoveries of 86-102%, agreement against assigned reference values for National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material 1846, between-laboratory reproducibility relative standard deviation of 9.1 % for biotin and 8.1 % for folate, respectively, and equivalence against reference microbiological assay methods for both analytes.

Determination of biotin and folate in infant formula and milk by optical biosensor-based immunoassay.

Determination of lactoferrin in bovine milk, colostrum and infant formulas by optical biosensor analysis

An automated biosensor surface-plasmon resonance-based assay was developed for the determination of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in bovine milk and colostrum with either goat or rabbit antibovine IgG or protein G used as detecting molecule. The method is configured as a direct and nonlabeled immunoassay, with quantitation against an authentic IgG calibrant. Whole colostrum or milk is prepared for analysis by dilution into buffer. Analysis conditions, including ligand immobilization, flowrate, contact time, and regeneration, were optimized, and nonspecific binding was evaluated. Performance parameters included working range of 15-10 000 ng/mL, method detection limit of 0.08 mg/mL, overall instrument response reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSD(R)) of 0.47%, mean between-run RSD(R) of 10.5% for colostrum, and surface stability over 200 analyses. The proposed method was compared with independent alternative methods. The technique was applied to the measurement of IgG content during early lactation transition from colostrum to milk, as well as in consumer milk, colostrum, and hyperimmune milk powders.

/pdf/determination-of-immunoglobulin-g-in-bovine-colostrum-and-3mvk45vgvv.pdf

Determination of immunoglobulin G in bovine colostrum and milk by direct biosensor SPR-immunoassay.

An automated, rapid, sensitive, and label-free biosensor-based assay for folate-binding protein (FBP) in bovine milk utilizing surface plasmon resonance optical detection is described. The active concentration of FBP is estimated from its specific interaction with a pteroyl-l-glutamic (folic) acid derivative immobilized on the sensor surface in a direct binding assay format. Milk, colostrum, and milk powders are prepared for analysis by dilution into buffer. Analysis conditions, including ligand immobilization, flow rate, contact time, and regeneration, have been defined, and nonspecific binding considerations were evaluated. Performance parameters include a working range for FBP in buffer of 0−200ng/mL, a method detection limit of 0.13 μg/mL in fluid milk, overall instrument response RSDR of 0.64%, a mean interassay RSDR of 7.3% for skim milk powder, and surface stability over ca. 200 samples. The technique was applied to the measurement of active FBP content of consumer milks, the heat classification of...

Enrico L Filonzi

Papers

Determination of Vitamin B12 in Milk Products and Selected Foods by Optical Biosensor Protein-Binding Assay: Method Comparison

Determination of biotin and folate in infant formula and milk by optical biosensor-based immunoassay.

Determination of lactoferrin in bovine milk, colostrum and infant formulas by optical biosensor analysis

Determination of immunoglobulin G in bovine colostrum and milk by direct biosensor SPR-immunoassay.

Direct optical biosensor analysis of folate-binding protein in milk.