Ethnologue: Languages of the World

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The Vegetation of Wisconsin: An Ordination of Plant Communities.

This paper of analysis lists several statistical methods that are used to structure socio-
economic cleavages among them, such terms are the following: classical methods, 
methods based on information theory, methods of interdependence, dependence methods 
and other methods, such as structural equations, among others. Additional to the 
previously mentioned this study, will provide and find information on the concepts used, 
such as: methods that establish the location of the values and graphical representations 
of the results of each classification. 
The technique of Principal Components Analysis Nonlinear, also known as "ACP" in 
Spanish was used in this research and it is part of the multivariate analysis method, 
allowing the user/reader to work with brief qualitative variables either nominal or 
ordinal.

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Modelo de segmentación socioeconómica usando análisis de componentes principales categóricos con base en el censo de población y vivienda 2010

Bad Year Economics: Cultural responses to risk and uncertainty

Studying motives of plant management allows understanding processes that originated agriculture and current forms of traditional technology innovation. Our work analyses the role of native plants in the Ixcatec subsistence, management practices, native plants biocultural importance, and motivations influencing management decisions. Cultural and ecological importance and management complexity may differ among species according with their use value and availability. We hypothesized that decreasing risk in availability of resources underlies the main motives of management, but curiosity, aesthetic, and ethical values may also be determinant. Role of plants in subsistence strategies, forms of use and management was documented through 130 semi-structured interviews and participant observation. Free listing interviews to 38 people were used to estimate the cognitive importance of species used as food, medicine, fuel, fodder, ornament and ceremonial. Species ecological importance was evaluated through sampling vegetation in 22 points. Principal Components Analysis were performed to explore the relation between management, cultural and ecological importance and estimating the biocultural importance of native species. We recorded 627 useful plant species, 589 of them native. Livelihood strategies of households rely on agriculture, livestock and multiple use of forest resources. At least 400 species are managed, some of them involving artificial selection. Management complexity is the main factor reflecting the biocultural importance of plant species, and the weight of ecological importance and cultural value varied among use types. Management strategies aim to ensure resources availability, to have them closer, to embellish human spaces or satisfying ethical principles. Decisions about plants management are influenced by perception of risk to satisfy material needs, but immaterial principles are also important. Studying such relation is crucial for understanding past and present technological innovation processes and understand the complex process of developing biocultural legacy.

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Ixcatec ethnoecology: plant management and biocultural heritage in Oaxaca, Mexico

Ethnobotany is defined as the study of the traditional botanical knowledge of different cultures, the techniques utilized in the use and management of plant resources, and the place they have in their cultural Cosmo vision. This study aimed to review the development and perspectives of ethnobotany in Mexico, based on an extensive review of all ethnobotanical studies showed at the Mexican Botanical Congress (MBC), the main forum of ethnobotanical studies in Mexico, between 1963 and 2010. We systematized a total of 897 works, identifying their progressive increase in the generation of investigative papers up until 1990, then a decrease until 1995 and a new increase from 1995 to the present. The main Mexican institutions studying ethnobotany are the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Universidad Autonoma Chapingo, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, and the Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, which produced nearly half of all the studies recorded. The best represented cultural groups studied were the Maya, Nahua, Otomi, Totonac, and Mixtec, studied under the predominant approach of descriptive ethnobotany. Ethnobotany in Mexico is in a stage of growth and therefore in the phase of consolidating its approaches, particularly in the areas of ecological, economic, quantitative, and evolutionary ethnobotany. In order to achieve the development of sustainable management strategies of plant resources, it is of the highest priority to consolidate ethnobotanical research and direct it towards the analysis of environmental degradation and solutions.

Ethnobotany in Mexico: History, Development, and Perspectives

El uso de especies de palma del genero Brahea es muy antiguo y la cultura de su aprovechamiento es vigente y retribuye importantes beneficios economicos para la subsistencia de numerosas comunidades rurales en Mexico. El Valle de Tehuacan-Cuicatlan existen docenas de localidades donde la extraccion de hojas de B. dulcis para el tejido de sombreros, constituye una de las principales actividades economicas con un papel especial en la vida diaria y la cultura. En el presente trabajo se documenta el conocimiento que tienen los habitantes de Santa Maria Ixcatlan sobre las especies de Brahea. Esta es la unica localidad donde se encuentran el grupo originario de los ixcatecos. Se evalua el papel del aprovechamiento de las hojas de palma en la subsistencia de esta comunidad y el impacto del aprovechamiento en la diversidad de las comunidades vegetales. La perspectiva de aprovechamiento sustentable de este recurso tiene un componente economico y social asociado a la gestion de mercados justos pues en la actualidad los artesanos son super-explotados en la red de comercializacion. Tiene tambien un componente ecologico pues las estrategias para aumentar la disponibilidad de materia prima a traves de promover la expansion de palmares tiene un costo en perdida de diversidad biologica forestal. Estrategias de control de las areas de palmar y restauracion d areas transformadas deben combinarse para garantizar su aprovechamiento sustentable.

https://periodicos3.ufpb.br/ojs/index.php/gaia/article/download/22424/12440

Erandi Rivera-Lozoya

Papers

Ixcatec ethnoecology: plant management and biocultural heritage in Oaxaca, Mexico

Ethnobotany in Mexico: History, Development, and Perspectives

Uso y manejo de las palmas Brahea spp. (Arecaceae) por el pueblo ixcateco de Santa María Ixcatlán Oaxaca, México