The role of Jun, Fos and the AP-1 complex in cell-proliferation and transformation.

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Pathology and genetics of tumours of the lung , pleura, thymus and heart

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Vanilloid (Capsaicin) Receptors and Mechanisms

Although the biochemical mechanism of action of phorbol ester tumour promoters is not fully understood, it is known that phorbol ester binding to the cell surface causes rapid changes in calcium flux1,2 and phospholipid metabolism3–7. A protein kinase activity has recently been described which is dependent on calcium and acidic phospholipids and is further enhanced by diacylglycerol8–10. Previously, we have observed that phorbol ester treatment of EL4 mouse thymoma cells causes a rapid decrease in cytosolic calcium, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (Ca, PL-PK) activity, which is mediated through the specific phorbol ester cell-surface receptors identified on EL4 cells11. We now show that treatment of parietal yolk sacs (PYS-2) cells with biologically active 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) provokes a rapid decrease in cytosolic Ca, PL-PK activity that is accompanied by a significant increase in the amount of Ca, PL-PK activity associated with the plasma membrane fraction. These results suggest that the rapid and tight association of Ca, PL-PK activity with the plasma membrane may be an early event in mediating some of the effects of phorbol esters.

Phorbol esters increase the amount of Ca2+, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase associated with plasma membrane.

Differentiated macrophages are the resident tissue phagocytes and sentinel cells of the innate immune response. The phenotype of mature tissue macrophages represents the composite of environmental and differentiation-dependent imprinting. Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3) are stimuli commonly used to induce macrophage differentiation in monocytic cell lines but the extent of differentiation in comparison to primary tissue macrophages is unclear. We have compared the phenotype of the promonocytic THP-1 cell line after various protocols of differentiation utilising VD3 and PMA in comparison to primary human monocytes or monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Both stimuli induced changes in cell morphology indicative of differentiation but neither showed differentiation comparable to MDM. In contrast, PMA treatment followed by 5 days resting in culture without PMA (PMAr) increased cytoplasmic to nuclear ratio, increased mitochondrial and lysosomal numbers and altered differentiation-dependent cell surface markers in a pattern similar to MDM. Moreover, PMAr cells showed relative resistance to apoptotic stimuli and maintained levels of the differentiation-dependent anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1 similar to MDM. PMAr cells retained a high phagocytic capacity for latex beads, and expressed a cytokine profile that resembled MDM in response to TLR ligands, in particular with marked TLR2 responses. Moreover, both MDM and PMAr retained marked plasticity to stimulus-directed polarization. These findings suggest a modified PMA differentiation protocol can enhance macrophage differentiation of THP-1 cells and identify increased numbers of mitochondria and lysosomes, resistance to apoptosis and the potency of TLR2 responses as important discriminators of the level of macrophage differentiation for transformed cells.

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The Identification of Markers of Macrophage Differentiation in PMA-Stimulated THP-1 Cells and Monocyte-Derived Macrophages

The effect of various tumor initiators and promoters on induction of persisting Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in different lines of lymphoblastoid cells was analyzed. Neither five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, amongst them potent tumor initiators (e.g., 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene), nor the potent (ultimate) liver carcinogen N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylamino-fluorene induced EBV. A series of compounds, representing three classes of tumor-promoting diterpene esters (e.g., 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate), efficiently induced EBV in persistently infected cells. The concentration required for maximal induction ranged between 0.5 and 100 nM. Some nonpromoting diterpenes (phorbol, 4α-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate, and ingenol) did not induce EBV. However, the nonpromoters, resiniferatoxin and 12-deoxyphorbol-13-decatrienoate, were effective, whereas anthralin, a tumor promoter, did not induce EBV. In three lines of EBV genome-carrying cells (Raji, NC-37, and RPMI 64-10) only abortive induction was noted, leading exclusively to synthesis of early antigen. In cells of lines with low spontaneous virus release (P3HR-1, B95-8, and QIMR-Wil), upon treatment with tetradecanoylphorbol acetate, approximately 20-40 times more viral DNA was recovered as compared to untreated controls. Viral DNA from tetradeca-noylphorbol acetate-induced cultures revealed the same restriction endonuclease cleavage pattern as viral DNA obtained from noninduced cells. Within 10 days after induction, release of infectious virus increased approximately by one order of magnitude. Prostaglandins, reported to be released after treatment with tumor promoters, were ineffective in virus induction under the conditions tested.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/76/2/782.full.pdf

Tumor initiators and promoters in the induction of Epstein-Barr virus.

Irritant phorbol derivatives from four Jatropha species

[1] FISCHER, t~. W. : Z. Naturforsch. 12a, 753 (~957). [2] FRIEDEL, J . : Dislocations. Oxford: Pergamon Press 1964. E3] FRIEDRIcH, W., P. KNIPPINO U. M.v . LANE: Bayer. akad. Bet. 303 (1912). E4] GEIL, P. H., e t al. : J. Po lymer Sci. A 2, 3707 (t964). [5] HOLLAND, V. F.: J . Appl. Phys. 3S, 3235 (1964). [6] HosE~A~N, R., u. S. N. BAOCHI: Direct ana lys i s of diffract ion b y mat te r . A m s t e r d a m : Nor th -Hol land Publ. Co. ~962. [7] HOSEMANN, R., W. WILDE u. F. J . BALTA CALLEJA: Ac ta Cryst. 21, I18 (1966). [8] HOSEMA~N, R., A. PREISINGER U. W. VOOEL: Bet. der Bunsenges. fiir phys ik . Chemic 70, 796 (t966). [9] KELLER, A.: Phil. Mag. [8] 2, 1t71 ( 1 9 5 7 ) . [10] P E c t I n O L D , W . : Fachber ieh t der Tagung der Dtseh. Physikal . Ges., Mfinehen 1966. [11] PREDECKI, P., u. W. O. S'rATTON: Vortrag, Meeting of Divis. of High Polymer Physics. Am. Physic Sot., M~irz 1966. [12] RENEGER, D. H. : J. Po lymer Sei. 59, 539 (t962). [13] STAUmNGER, H., U. M. Lt~THI: Helv. Chim. Ac ta 8, 41 (1925). [ld] TILL jr., P. H. : J . Po lymer Sci. 24, 30t (1957).

Phorbol esters from croton oil chemical nature and biological activities

[On the sexattractant of silk-moths. I. The biological test and the isolation of the pure sex-attractant bombykol].

Metabolism and mechanism of action of oestrogens XII. Structure and mechanism of formation of water-soluble and protein-bound metabolites of oestrone in rat-liver microsomes in vitro and in vivo☆

Erich Hecker

Papers

Tumor initiators and promoters in the induction of Epstein-Barr virus.

Irritant phorbol derivatives from four Jatropha species

Phorbol esters from croton oil chemical nature and biological activities

[On the sexattractant of silk-moths. I. The biological test and the isolation of the pure sex-attractant bombykol].

Metabolism and mechanism of action of oestrogens XII. Structure and mechanism of formation of water-soluble and protein-bound metabolites of oestrone in rat-liver microsomes in vitro and in vivo☆