抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

The science and technology of ultracapacitors are reviewed for a number of electrode materials, including carbon, mixed metal oxides, and conducting polymers. More work has been done using microporous carbons than with the other materials and most of the commercially available devices use carbon electrodes and an organic electrolytes. The energy density of these devices is 3¯5 Wh/kg with a power density of 300¯500 W/kg for high efficiency (90¯95%) charge/discharges. Projections of future developments using carbon indicate that energy densities of 10 Wh/kg or higher are likely with power densities of 1¯2 kW/kg. A key problem in the fabrication of these advanced devices is the bonding of the thin electrodes to a current collector such the contact resistance is less than 0.1 cm2. Special attention is given in the paper to comparing the power density characteristics of ultracapacitors and batteries. The comparisons should be made at the same charge/discharge efficiency.

Ultracapacitors: Why, How, and Where is the Technology

Theory of polyelectrolytes in solutions and at surfaces

The structural and mechanical properties of gels formed from biopolymers are discussed both in terms of the techniques used to characterise these systems, and in terms of the systems themselves The techniques included are spectroscopic, chiroptical and scattering methods, optical and electron microscopy, thermodynamic and kinetic methods and rheological characterisation The systems considered are presented in order of increasing complexity of secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure, starting with gels which arise from essentially ‘disordered’ biopolymers via formation of ‘quasicrystalline’ junction zones (eg gelatin, carrageenans, agarose, alginates etc), and extending to networks derived from globular and rod-like species (fibrin, globular proteins, caseins, myosin) by a variety of crosslinking mechanisms Throughout the text, efforts are made to pursue the link (both from experiment and from theory) between the structural methods and mechanical measurements As far as we are aware this is the first major Review of this area since that of J D Ferry in 1948 — The interest shown by polymer physicists in more complex biochemical systems, and the multi-disciplinary approaches now being applied in this area, make the format adopted here, in our opinion, the most logical and appropriate

Structural and mechanical properties of biopolymer gels

Carbon fibers, obtained by carbonizing poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) (PBO) fibers at 900 °C, graphitize extensively upon heat treatment at higher temperatures (2700 °C). In this work, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and HRTEM are used to monitor the structural and nanostructural transformations of the carbon material under heat-treatment at several temperatures in the interval 900–2800 °C. These different techniques provide complementary information, especially regarding the spatial resolution they achieve. They highlight a specific nonconventional mode of graphitization for this unexpectedly graphitizable precursor. The reliability in the determination of La crystallite sizes from these three techniques is compared and discussed. The existence of four steps in the graphitization of PBO-derived carbon fibers is inferred.

Comparative XRD, Raman, and TEM Study on Graphitization of PBO-Derived Carbon Fibers

Influence of drying on the morphology of resorcinol–formaldehyde-based carbon gels

Etude par SAXS, osmometrie et diffusion lumineuse d'hydrogels prepares par copolymerisation d'acrylamide en presence de bisacrylamide d'ethylene. Variation de la courbe pression de gonflement/concentration avec la densite de reticulation du copolymere. Etude de la coherence des valeurs du module osmotique longitudinal et des longueurs de correlation determinees par les differentes methodes (mecaniques, diffusion lumineuse, SAXS)

Scattering and swelling properties of inhomogeneous polyacrylamide gels

Structural inhomogeneities in the range 2.5-2500 .ANG. in polyacrylamide gels

Chemically cross-linked poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) networks swollen in toluene are compared with un-cross-linked polymer solution. The swelling pressure data are described by a two-term equation consisting of a separable elastic and mixing contribution. The mixing term for the gel is smaller than for the solution, but both exhibit a similar concentration dependence. The scattering signal of the gel is separated into a static and a solution-like part. The latter is compared with the swelling pressure of the gel obtained from the macroscopic osmotic measurements

Erik Geissler

Papers

Comparative XRD, Raman, and TEM Study on Graphitization of PBO-Derived Carbon Fibers

Influence of drying on the morphology of resorcinol–formaldehyde-based carbon gels

Scattering and swelling properties of inhomogeneous polyacrylamide gels

Structural inhomogeneities in the range 2.5-2500 .ANG. in polyacrylamide gels

Macroscopic and microscopic thermodynamic observations in swollen poly(vinyl acetate) networks