Erik T. Nilsen

TL;DR: It is concluded that N2-fixation is very important to Prosopis at six of seven sites in the Sonoran Desert and at the site where prosopis did not appear to be fixing N2, N2 -fixation was important only for legumes of the sub-family Papilionoideae.

Abstract: The seeming contradiction between “banner blindness” and Web users' complaints about distracting advertisements motivates a pair of experiments into the effect of banner ads on visual search. Experiment 1 measures perceived cognitive workload and search times for short words with two banners on the screen. Four kinds of banners were examined: (1) animated commercial, (2) static commercial, (3) cyan with flashing text, and (4) blank. Using NASA's Task Load Index, participants report increased workload under flashing text banners. Experiment 2 investigates search through news headlines at two levels of difficulty: exact matches and matches requiring semantic interpretation. Results show both animated and static commercial banners decrease visual search speeds. Eye tracking data reveal people rarely look directly at banners. A post hoc memory test confirms low banner recall and, surprisingly, that animated banners are more difficult to remember than static look-alikes. Results have implications for cognitive modeling and Web design.

TL;DR: It is concluded that new experimental designs for in situ bioassay are needed that can account for the large number of confounding factors in a complex field environment, and can be linked to physiological monitoring of target species and biochemical monitoring of the growth medium.

TL;DR: Details of the cognition involved when people use spreadsheet software, a task that is both a major microcomputer application and a cognitively intense task, are analyzed in terms of the GOMS model to test the generality of the model and to extend its set of parameters.

TL;DR: The general theme of this chapter is to illustrate the inadequacy of the current state of knowledge for describing or understanding the diversity of structure, function, and ecological significance of photosynthetic stems and to suggest areas for further research.