Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings

Cross laminated timber (CLT) has become a well-known engineered timber product of global interest. The orthogonal, laminar structure allows its application as a full-size wall and floor element as well as a linear timber member, able to bear loads in- and out-of-plane. This article provides a state-of-the-art report on some selected topics related to CLT, in particular production and technology, characteristic material properties, design and connections. Making use of general information concerning the product’s development and global market, the state of knowledge is briefly outlined, including the newest findings and related references for background information. In view of ongoing global activities, a significant rise in production volume within the next decade is expected. Prerequisites for the establishment of a solid timber construction system using CLT are (1) standards comprising the product, testing and design, (2) harmonized load-bearing models for calculating CLT properties based on the properties of the base material board, enabling relatively fast use of local timber species and qualities, and (3) the development of CLT adequate connection systems for economic assembling and an increasing degree of utilization regarding the load-bearing potential of CLT elements in the joints. The establishment of a worldwide harmonized package of standards is recommended as this would broaden the fields of application for timber engineering and strengthen CLT in competition with solid-mineral based building materials.

Cross laminated timber (CLT): overview and development

Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) – Overview and Development

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Seismic Design Of Reinforced Concrete And Masonry Buildings

This paper describes a subassemblage seismic test program performed on six buckling-restrained braces (BRBs). Two different brace core segment lengths and two different buckling-restraining mechani...

Seismic testing and performance of buckling- restrained bracing systems

This paper describes the proposed changes to the 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada related to the force modification factors. A description of the ductility- and overstrength-rel...

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Seismic force modification factors for the proposed 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) products are gaining popularity in the North American market and are being used in midrise wood buildings, in particular, in shearwall applications. Shearwalls provide resistance to lateral loads such as wind and earthquake loads, and therefore it is important to gain a better understanding of the behavior of CLT shearwall systems during earthquake events. This paper is focused on the seismic performance of connections between CLT shearwall panels and the foundation. CLT panels are very stiff and energy dissipation is accomplished by the connections. A literature review on previous research work related to damage prediction and assessment for wood frame structures was performed. Furthermore, a test program was conducted to investigate the performance of CLT connections subjected to simulated earthquake loads. Two different brackets in combination with five types of fasteners were tested under monotonic and cyclic loading protocols. In total, 98 connection tests were co...

Damage Assessment of Connections Used in Cross-Laminated Timber Subject to Cyclic Loads

This paper introduces a new concept in shear wall design. One ply of sheathing material is placed at the center of the wall between a series of pairs of studs and plates oriented in 90° rotated position relative to those in standard shear walls. The new wall design is called “midply” in reference to the location of the sheathing panel. Test results for midply walls under static and cyclic loading conditions are presented and compared with those presented for standard shear walls under similar loading conditions. In midply walls, nails connecting framing members to sheathing work in double shear in contrast to connections in standard shear walls, which work in single shear. This results in substantial improvements in the shear performance of midply walls. As verified by the test results presented herein, load-carrying capacity of midply walls is over three times that of comparable standard shear walls.

Midply wood shear wall system : Concept and performance in static and cyclic testing

A methodology for assessment of seismic design parameters for a wood-frame shearwall system is developed, consisting of a test program of shearwalls and the application of nonlinear time history analyses to a four-storey wood-frame building that was designed to resist the seismic requirements for Vancouver, British Columbia. Analyses employed 22 selected earthquake accelerograms that were scaled upwards until an ultimate peak ground acceleration (Au) was reached where the shearwall reached a "near-collapse" state. The 22 values of Au were found to be greater than the "design" peak ground acceleration, indicating the adequacy of the current design procedures for the particular shearwalls investigated. The influence of gypsum wallboard on the behaviour of the shearwalls was also evaluated, and a new force modification factor "R" for walls composed of a mixture of wood-based and gypsum panels was proposed. The effect of flexibility of floor diaphragms was considered separately for a symmetric building and wa...

Validation of seismic design parameters for wood- frame shearwall systems

This study proposes an iterative direct displacement based design method for a novel steel-timber hybrid structure. The hybrid structure incorporates cross-laminated timber (CLT) shear panels as an...

Erol Karacabeyli

Papers

Seismic force modification factors for the proposed 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada

Damage Assessment of Connections Used in Cross-Laminated Timber Subject to Cyclic Loads

Midply wood shear wall system : Concept and performance in static and cyclic testing

Validation of seismic design parameters for wood- frame shearwall systems

Direct Displacement-Based Design of a Novel Hybrid Structure: Steel Moment-Resisting Frames with Cross-Laminated Timber Infill Walls