Internet and social media have become a widespread, large scale and easy to use platform for real-time information dissemination. It has become an open stage for discussion, ideology expression, knowledge dissemination, emotions and sentiment sharing. This platform is gaining tremendous attraction and a huge user base from all sections and age groups of society. The matter of concern is that up to what extent the contents that are circulating among all these platforms every second changing the mindset, perceptions and lives of billions of people are verified, authenticated and up to the standards. This paper puts forward a holistic view of how the information is being weaponized to fulfil the malicious motives and forcefully making a biased user perception about a person, event or firm. Further, a taxonomy is provided for the classification of malicious information content at different stages and prevalent technologies to cope up with this issue form origin, propagation, detection and containment stages. We also put forward a research gap and possible future research directions so that the web information content could be more reliable and safer to use for decision making as well as for knowledge sharing.

Fake news, rumor, information pollution in social media and web: A contemporary survey of state-of-the-arts, challenges and opportunities

A dynamic Windows malware detection and prediction method based on contextual understanding of API call sequence

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia. Its diagnosis and progression detection have been intensively studied. Nevertheless, research studies often have little effect on clinical practice mainly due to the following reasons: (1) Most studies depend mainly on a single modality, especially neuroimaging; (2) diagnosis and progression detection are usually studied separately as two independent problems; and (3) current studies concentrate mainly on optimizing the performance of complex machine learning models, while disregarding their explainability. As a result, physicians struggle to interpret these models, and feel it is hard to trust them. In this paper, we carefully develop an accurate and interpretable AD diagnosis and progression detection model. This model provides physicians with accurate decisions along with a set of explanations for every decision. Specifically, the model integrates 11 modalities of 1048 subjects from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) real-world dataset: 294 cognitively normal, 254 stable mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 232 progressive MCI, and 268 AD. It is actually a two-layer model with random forest (RF) as classifier algorithm. In the first layer, the model carries out a multi-class classification for the early diagnosis of AD patients. In the second layer, the model applies binary classification to detect possible MCI-to-AD progression within three years from a baseline diagnosis. The performance of the model is optimized with key markers selected from a large set of biological and clinical measures. Regarding explainability, we provide, for each layer, global and instance-based explanations of the RF classifier by using the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) feature attribution framework. In addition, we implement 22 explainers based on decision trees and fuzzy rule-based systems to provide complementary justifications for every RF decision in each layer. Furthermore, these explanations are represented in natural language form to help physicians understand the predictions. The designed model achieves a cross-validation accuracy of 93.95% and an F1-score of 93.94% in the first layer, while it achieves a cross-validation accuracy of 87.08% and an F1-Score of 87.09% in the second layer. The resulting system is not only accurate, but also trustworthy, accountable, and medically applicable, thanks to the provided explanations which are broadly consistent with each other and with the AD medical literature. The proposed system can help to enhance the clinical understanding of AD diagnosis and progression processes by providing detailed insights into the effect of different modalities on the disease risk.

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A multilayer multimodal detection and prediction model based on explainable artificial intelligence for Alzheimer's disease.

Recently, there is a rapid and wide increase in fake news, defined as provably incorrect information spread with the goal of fraud. The spread of this type of misinformation is a severe danger to social cohesiveness and well-being since it increases political polarisation and people’s distrust of their leaders. Thus, fake news is a phenomenon that is having a significant impact on our social lives, particularly in politics. This paper proposes novel approaches based on Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) for the fake news detection system to address this phenomenon. The main aim of this paper is to find the optimal model that obtains high accuracy performance. Therefore, we propose an optimized Convolutional Neural Network model to detect fake news (OPCNN-FAKE). We compare the performance of the OPCNN-FAKE with Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and The six regular ML techniques: Decision Tree (DT), logistic Regression (LR), K Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Naive Bayes (NB) using four fake news benchmark datasets. Grid search and hyperopt optimization techniques have been used to optimize the parameters of ML and DL, respectively. In addition, N-gram and Term Frequency—Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) have been used to extract features from the benchmark datasets for regular ML, while Glove word embedding has been used to represent features as a feature matrix for DL models. To evaluate the performance of the OPCNN-FAKE, accuracy, precision, recall, F1-measure were applied to validate the results. The results show that OPCNN-FAKE model has achieved the best performance for each dataset compared with other models. Furthermore, the OPCNN-FAKE has a higher performance of cross-validation results and testing results over the other models, which indicates that the OPCNN-FAKE for fake news detection is significantly better than the other models.

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OPCNN-FAKE: Optimized Convolutional Neural Network for Fake News Detection

The prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in the growing elderly population makes accurately predicting AD progression crucial. Due to AD’s complex etiology and pathogenesis, an effective and medically practical solution is a challenging task. In this paper, we developed and evaluated two novel hybrid deep learning architectures for AD progression detection. These models are based on the fusion of multiple deep bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) models. The first architecture is an interpretable multitask regression model that predicts seven crucial cognitive scores for the patient 2.5 years after their last observations. The predicted scores are used to build an interpretable clinical decision support system based on a glass-box model. This architecture aims to explore the role of multitasking models in producing more stable, robust, and accurate results. The second architecture is a hybrid model where the deep features extracted from the BiLSTM model are used to train multiple machine learning classifiers. The two architectures were comprehensively evaluated using different time series modalities of 1371 subjects participated in the study of the Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative (ADNI). The extensive, real-world experimental results over ADNI data help establish the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed deep learning models.

Robust hybrid deep learning models for Alzheimer’s progression detection

Spreading of fake news is a social phenomenon that is pervasive at the social level between individuals, and also through social media such as Facebook and Twitter. Fake news that we are interested in is one of many kinds of deception in social media, but it’s more important one as it is created with dishonest intention to mislead people. We are concerned about this issue because we have noticed that this phenomenon has recently caused through the means of social communication to change the course of society and peoples and also their views, for example, during revolutions in some Arab countries have emerged some false news that led to the absence of truth and stirs up public opinion and also fake of news is one of the factors Trump successes in the presidential election. So we decided to face and reduce this phenomenon, which is still the main factor to choose most of our decisions. Techniques of fake news detection varied, ingenious, and often exciting. In this paper our objective is to build a classifier that can predict whether a piece of news is fake or not based only its content, thereby approaching the problem from a purely deep learning perspective by RNN technique models (vanilla, GRU) and LSTMs. We will show the difference and analysis of results by applying them to the dataset that we used called LAIR. We found that the results are close, but the GRU is the best of our results that reached (0.217) followed by LSTM (0.2166) and finally comes vanilla (0.215). Due to these results, we will seek to increase accuracy by applying a hybrid model between the GRU and CNN techniques on the same data set.

Deep Learning Algorithms for Detecting Fake News in Online Text

With the exponential increase of social media users, cyberbullying has been emerged as a form of bullying through electronic messages. Social networks provides a rich environment for bullies to uses these networks as vulnerable to attacks against victims. Given the consequences of cyberbullying on victims, it is necessary to find suitable actions to detect and prevent it. Machine learning can be helpful to detect language patterns of the bullies and hence can generate a model to automatically detect cyberbullying actions. This paper proposes a supervised machine learning approach for detecting and preventing cyberbullying. Several classifiers are used to train and recognize bullying actions. The evaluation of the proposed approach on cyberbullying dataset shows that Neural Network performs better and achieves accuracy of 92.8% and SVM achieves 90.3. Also, NN outperforms other classifiers of similar work on the same dataset.

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Social Media Cyberbullying Detection using Machine Learning

Growing science and medical technologies have produced a massive amount of knowledge on different scales of biological systems. By processing various amounts of medical data, these technologies will increase the quality of disease detection and enhance the usability of health information systems. The integration of machine learning in computer-based diagnostic systems facilitates the early detection of diseases, enabling more productive treatments and prolonged survival rates. The slime mould algorithm (SMA) may have drawbacks, such as being trapped in minimal local regions and having an unbalanced exploitation and exploration phase. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes ISMA, an improved version of the slime mould algorithm (SMA) hybridized with the opposition-based learning (OBL) strategy based on the k-nearest neighbor (kNN) classifier for the classification approach. Opposition-based learning improves global exploratory ability while avoiding premature convergence. The experimental results revealed the superiority of the proposed ISMA–kNN in various classification evaluation metrics, including accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, F-score, G-mean, computational time, and feature selection (FS) size compared with the tunicate swarm algorithm (TSA), the marine predators algorithm (MPA), the chimp optimization algorithm (ChOA), the moth–flame optimization (MFO) algorithm, the whale optimization algorithm (WOA), the sine cosine algorithm (SCA), and the original SMA algorithm. Performance tests were run on the same maximum number of function evaluations (FEs) on nine UCI benchmark disease data sets with different feature sizes.

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An Efficient Slime Mould Algorithm Combined With K-Nearest Neighbor for Medical Classification Tasks

Since December 2019, the global health population has faced the rapid spreading of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). With the incremental acceleration of the number of infected cases, the World Health Organization (WHO) has reported COVID-19 as an epidemic that puts a heavy burden on healthcare sectors in almost every country. The potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in this context is difficult to ignore. AI companies have been racing to develop innovative tools that contribute to arm the world against this pandemic and minimize the disruption that it may cause. The main objective of this study is to survey the decisive role of AI as a technology used to fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Five significant applications of AI for COVID-19 were found, including (1) COVID-19 diagnosis using various data types (e.g., images, sound, and text); (2) estimation of the possible future spread of the disease based on the current confirmed cases; (3) association between COVID-19 infection and patient characteristics; (4) vaccine development and drug interaction; and (5) development of supporting applications. This study also introduces a comparison between current COVID-19 datasets. Based on the limitations of the current literature, this review highlights the open research challenges that could inspire the future application of AI in COVID-19.

Eslam Amer

Papers

A dynamic Windows malware detection and prediction method based on contextual understanding of API call sequence

Deep Learning Algorithms for Detecting Fake News in Online Text

Social Media Cyberbullying Detection using Machine Learning

An Efficient Slime Mould Algorithm Combined With K-Nearest Neighbor for Medical Classification Tasks

Comprehensive Survey of Using Machine Learning in the COVID-19 Pandemic.