Numerical Initial Value Problems in Ordinary Differential Equations

Fault location is an important application among intelligent monitoring and outage management tasks used for realization of self healing networks, one of the most attractive features of smart grids. The data gathered from various intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) installed throughout the power system could be utilized for smart approaches to locating faults in both transmission and distribution systems. This paper discusses issues associated with improving accuracy of fault location methods in smart grids using an abundance of IED data. Two examples of how the gathered data from different IEDs is used to improve fault location accuracy in transmission and distribution systems are discussed in detail.

Smart Fault Location for Smart Grids

Comparison of impedance based fault location methods for power distribution systems

Phasor measurement units (PMUs) are rapidly being deployed in electric power networks across the globe. Wide-area measurement system (WAMS), which builds upon PMUs and fast communication links, is consequently emerging as an advanced monitoring and control infrastructure. Rapid adaptation of such devices and technologies has led the researchers to investigate multitude of challenges and pursue opportunities in synchrophasor measurement technology, PMU structural design, PMU placement, miscellaneous applications of PMU from local perspectives, and various WAMS functionalities from the system perspective. Relevant research articles appeared in the IEEE and IET publications from 1983 through 2014 are rigorously surveyed in this paper to represent a panorama of research progress lines. This bibliography will aid academic researchers and practicing engineers in adopting appropriate topics and will stimulate utilities toward development and implementation of software packages.

Synchrophasor Measurement Technology in Power Systems: Panorama and State-of-the-Art

A smart grid for improving the management of a power utility grid is provided. The smart grid as presently disclosed includes using sensors in various portions of the power utility grid, using communications and computing technology, such as additional bus structures, to upgrade an electric power grid so that it can operate more efficiently and reliably and support additional services to consumers. The smart grid may include distributed intelligence in the power utility grid (separate from the control center intelligence) including devices that generate data in different sections of the grid, analyze the generated data, and automatically modify the operation of a section of the power grid.

Method and system for managing a power grid

This paper deals with location of inter-circuit faults on a double-circuit transmission line with use of complete measurements from one line end. The fault location algorithm is derived with use of the generalized fault loop model. As a result, the algorithm is of compact form what allows for its easy implementation. The presented fault location algorithm has been evaluated with use of the fault data obtained from versatile simulation of transmission line inter-circuit faults. Sample results of the evaluation are presented and discussed.

Location of inter-circuit faults on double-circuit transmission line

A digital distance algorithm for parallel power transmission lines is presented. The algorithm requires providing complete measurements from one end of parallel lines. The approach originated initially for fault location aimed at inspection-repair purposes is utilized here for assuring adaptability of a distance relay to the "reactance effect" relevant for resistive faults. Optimal estimation of a voltage drop across a fault path resistance is introduced into the algorithm. As a result of that, determination of the positive and negative sequence currents is avoided. This differs the delivered algorithm from the earlier known forms of the algorithms - designated mainly for fault location purposes. Two forms of the distance adaptive algorithm, i.e., for phasors and with applying a differential equation approach, are considered. The delivered new distance algorithm has been tested with the fault data obtained from versatile ATP-EMTP simulations. The sample examples are reported and discussed.

http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jan_Izykowski/publication/4078179_Adaptive_digital_distance_algorithm_for_parallel_transmission_lines/links/0912f5138f81e87386000000.pdf

Adaptive digital distance algorithm for parallel transmission lines

This paper presents a new method designated for determination whether detected fault is placed on a protected double-circuit line or outside the line. It suits for protection of parallel uncompensated or series-compensated lines and uses one-end phase currents measurements only. The developed algorithm has been tested and evaluated using signals taken from ATP-EMTP versatile simulations. A detailed model of considered transmission line including the SCs&MOVs banks as well as the measurement channels has been developed. Using this model, the reliable fault data on a double-circuit uncompensated/series-compensated transmission line as well as for faults outside the line have been generated under variety of fault conditions. The sample results of this evaluation are presented and discussed.

A method for internal and external fault discrimination for protection of series compensated double-circuit line

This paper presents a new algorithm for faulty phase selection in transmission lines. The algorithm is based on a limited soft processing of the 3-phase and the zero-component current phasors. Current phasors are determined by using a pair of short length data window filters giving orthogonal outputs phasor components. The soft processing means here that, generally, the operations like min and max are used rather than multiplication or summation of two or more arguments. (5 pages)

An efficient method for faulty phase selection in transmission lines

A new algorithm designated for locating faults on a double-circuit line is presented. It is assumed that the fault location function is incorporated into the current differential relay at the particular line end. Besides three-phase currents measured synchronously at both line ends, which are utilized by the protective relays, the fault locator is supplied with three-phase voltage from the local line terminal, and possibly with the zero-sequence current from the healthy parallel line. Formulation of the fault location algorithm is presented and the selected results of the performed ATP-EMTP based evaluation are delivered and discussed.

Eugeniusz Rosolowski

Papers

Location of inter-circuit faults on double-circuit transmission line

Adaptive digital distance algorithm for parallel transmission lines

A method for internal and external fault discrimination for protection of series compensated double-circuit line

An efficient method for faulty phase selection in transmission lines

Fault location algorithm for use with current differential protective relays of double-circuit line