Reverse osmosis desalination: Water sources, technology, and today's challenges

Physico-chemical treatment techniques for wastewater laden with heavy metals

Drawbacks of applying nanofiltration and how to avoid them: A review

Removal of pollutants from surface water and groundwater by nanofiltration: overview of possible applications in the drinking water industry.

https://escholarship.org/content/qt50r1b9sg/qt50r1b9sg.pdf?t=ok16ag

Engineered nanomaterials for water treatment and remediation: Costs, benefits, and applicability

The application of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration to the removal of nitrates from groundwater

Introduction: For walking rehabilitation after stroke, training intensity and duration are critical dosing parameters that lack optimization. This trial aimed to determine the optimal training intensity (vigorous vs moderate) and minimum training duration (4, 8 or 12 weeks) needed to maximize immediate improvement in walking capacity in chronic stroke. Methods: Persons with chronic post-stroke gait dysfunction at three centers were randomized to high-intensity interval training (HIT) or moderate intensity aerobic training (MAT), each involving 45 minutes of treadmill and overground walking exercise with a physical therapist, 3 times per week for 12 weeks. The HIT protocol used repeated 30 second bursts of walking at maximum safe speed, alternated with 30-60 second recovery periods, targeting an average aerobic intensity above 60% heart rate reserve (HRR). The MAT protocol used continuous walking with speed adjusted to maintain an initial target of 40 {+/-} 5% HRR, progressing by 5% HRR every 2 weeks, up to 60% HRR as tolerated. Blinded assessment at baseline and after 4, 8 and 12 weeks of training included the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) as the primary measure of walking capacity. Results: Randomized participants (N=55) attended 1,675 (85%) of 1,980 planned treatment sessions and 197 (90%) of 220 planned testing sessions. No serious adverse events related to study procedures occurred. Compared with MAT, HIT involved significantly higher training speeds (161% vs 96% baseline fastest 10-meter speed, p<0.0001) and mean aerobic intensity (61% vs 46% HRR, p<0.0001) across treatment visits. There was no significant between-group difference in 6MWT changes after 4 weeks of training (HIT +27 meters [95% CI: 6-48], MAT +12 meters [-9-33], p=0.28), but randomization to HIT resulted in significantly greater gains than MAT after 8 weeks (+58 [39-76] vs +29 [9-48] meters, p=0.02) and 12 weeks (+71 [49-94] vs +27 [3-50] meters, p=0.005) of training. HIT also showed significantly greater improvements than MAT on some measures of gait speed, fatigue and exercise capacity. Discussion: These findings show proof of concept that vigorous training intensity is a critical dosing parameter for walking rehabilitation. In chronic stroke, vigorous walking exercise can produce significant and meaningful gains in walking capacity with only 4 weeks of training, but at least 12 weeks are needed to maximize immediate gains.

A Multi-Center Randomized Comparison of High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate-Intensity Exercise to Recover Walking Post-Stroke: Results of the HIT-Stroke Trial

Ewa Wa̧sik

Papers

The application of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration to the removal of nitrates from groundwater

A Multi-Center Randomized Comparison of High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate-Intensity Exercise to Recover Walking Post-Stroke: Results of the HIT-Stroke Trial