Nutrient requirements of beef cattle

A systematic review on silver nanoparticles-induced cytotoxicity: Physicochemical properties and perspectives.

Molecular toxicity mechanism of nanosilver

Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is the most abundantly available bioresource amounting to about a global yield of up to 1.3 billion tons per year. The hydrolysis of LCB results in the release of various reducing sugars which are highly valued in the production of biofuels such as bioethanol and biogas, various organic acids, phenols, and aldehydes. The majority of LCB is composed of biological polymers such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, which are strongly associated with each other by covalent and hydrogen bonds thus forming a highly recalcitrant structure. The presence of lignin renders the bio-polymeric structure highly resistant to solubilization thereby inhibiting the hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose which presents a significant challenge for the isolation of the respective bio-polymeric components. This has led to extensive research in the development of various pretreatment techniques utilizing various physical, chemical, physicochemical and biological approaches which are specifically tailored towards the source biomaterial and its application. The objective of this review is to discuss the various pretreatment strategies currently in use and provide an overview of their utilization for the isolation of high-value bio-polymeric components. The article further discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the various pretreatment methodologies as well as addresses the role of various key factors that are likely to have a significant impact on the pretreatment and digestibility of LCB.

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Recent Trends in the Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Value-Added Products

Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Vol. 2. Edited by J. W. Emsley, J. Feeney and L. H. Sutcliffe. Pp. vii + 269. (Oxford, London and New York: Pergamon Press, Ltd, 1967.) 90s. net. Advances in Magnetic Resonance Vol. 2. By John S. Waugh. Pp. xii + 269. (New York: Academic Press, Inc.; London: Academic Press, Inc. (London), Ltd, 1966.) $12.00. Guide to the NMR Empirical Method A Workbook. By Roy H. Bible jun.. Pp. xi + 305. (New York: Plenum Press, 1967.) $9.50.

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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

The aim of current study was to investigate the effect of different levels of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZONPs) on growth Performance, digestive organs and serum lipids concentration in broiler chickens during starter phase (121d). Three hundred one-d-old broilers (Ross- 308) were randomly divided into 5 treatments including 75 birds. All treatments were replicated 4 times, using 15 birds in each pen. The experimental diet was T1) basal diet (control, without ZONPs), T2, T3, T4 and T5 supplementation basal diet with 30, 60, 90 and 120 mg/kg of ZONPs respectively. This study was lasted 21 d and birds accessed as ad libitum to feed and water throughout research. Live body weight (LBW) and feed intake (FI) measured as weekly and feed conversion ratio (FCR) calculated at the final of research. On d 21, 4 birds in each group were selected as randomly, blood samples collected from bronchial vein and after centrifuging (3000 rpm for 15 min at 4°C), serum removed and stored in 20 °C until analysis. The results revealed that ZONPs had significantly affected on body weight gain (P 0.05), triglyceride (TG) (P>0.05) and cholesterol (P>0.05), as well as increased high density lipoproteins (HDL) (P<0.05), respectively compared to control treatment. In conclusion, ZONPs can improve growth performance especially at the levels of 30 to 90 mg/kg of diet in broiler

/pdf/the-effects-of-zinc-oxide-nanoparticles-on-performance-lckkrlyfm1.pdf

The effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on performance, digestive organs and serum lipid concentrations in broiler chickens during starter period

Received: Revised: Accepted: July 14, 2011 August 17, 2011 November 25, 2011

Impact of different levels of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) on performance, oxidative enzymes, and blood parameters in broiler chicks.

This research was carried out to evaluate effects of different levels of nanosilver (Ag-NPs) on growth performance, lymphoid organs and oxidative stress indicators in broiler chicks. A total of 240, one-day-old male broiler chick (Ross 308) was allocated in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four groups and 15 birds in each experimental pen. Birds of Water intake were supplemented with 0 (Control) or 5, 15 and 25 ppm Ag-NPs (Diameter 14±9.8 nm) throughout this research (42 days). Body weight, Feed intake recorded as weekly recorded during research and calculated overall growth performance at the final of study. At the end of the research, one bird with closest weight to any of treatment weight selected. Take of blood samples from birds and removed serum by centrifuge. Serum stored at-20°C until analysis. Immediately after slaughtered of birds, lymphoid organs such as spleen, thymus and bursa of Fabricus removed and relative weights was expressed as percentage of live body weight. Results showed that, nano-silver had no effect on performance. Weight of bursa had significantly decreased in comparison with control treatment (p<0.05) and, lowest weight among treatments observed in treatment that supplemented with 25 ppm nanosilver. Ag-NPs, had significant affect on concentration oxidative stress indicators activity among treatment in comparison to control group (p<0.05). It was concluded that Ag-NPs: 1) No positive effect on performance of broilers, 2) As one of the factors induced oxidative stress and, 3) It is may be decreased immune system. In addition, investigation of these effects need to further research.

/pdf/the-impact-of-silver-nano-particles-on-growth-performance-25y71ibnb8.pdf

The Impact of Silver Nano Particles on Growth Performance, Lymphoid Organs and Oxidative Stress Indicators in Broiler Chicks

Gelatin composite films were prepared from gelatin solutions (10% w/v) containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% w/w gelatin) as nanofiller. The water solubility, water swelling, water uptake, water vapor permeability (WVP), mechanical, and antibacterial properties of the films were examined. Water solubility, water swelling, water uptake, and WVP for gelatin films were 45 ± 1%, 821 ± 42%, 45 ± 1.1%, and 0.4 ± 0.022 g mm/m2 kPa h, respectively. Incorporation of MWCNT caused a significant decrease in water solubility, water swelling, water uptake, and WVP. Gelatin/MWCNT films containing 1–1.5% MWCNT showed the lowest water vapor transmission. Tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young's modulus for gelatin films were 13.4 ± 1.2 MPa, 95 ± 5%, and 45.4 ± 7 MPa, respectively. Incorporation of MWCNT caused a significant increase in tensile strength and decrease in the elongation at break. The largest mechanical strength was found at 1.5% MWCNT. All gelatin/MWCNT films showed significant antibacterial activities against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Our results suggest that the gelatin/MWCNT composites films could be used as a very attractive alternative to traditional materials for different biomedical and food applications.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/fsn3.81

Investigation of gelatin/multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite films as packaging materials.

In a 2 × 2 factorial design, the effect of Nanosil (ionic silver and H O ) in broiler diet on cumulative 22 performance, relative organs weight (liver, spleen and bursa of fabricius) and blood uric acid, serum- glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum-glutamic pyrovic transaminase (SGPT) were investigated. The first factor was feed type (mash or pellet) and the second was Nanosil (with or without). Main effect of feed type on weight gain was significant (p 0.05). Main effects of Nanosil on weight gain, in days of 1-35 and 1-42, were significant (p 0.05). Interaction effects of feed type and Nanosil on feed intak, in days of 1-7 and 1-42, were significant (p 0.05). Main effects of feed type on feed intak, in days of 1-14 and 1-35, were significant (p 0.05). Interaction effect of feed type and Nanosil on feed conversion ratio in total period (days of 1-42), was significant (p 0.05). Main effects of feed type on feed conversion ratio, in days of 1-7, 1-14, 1-35 and 1-42, were significant (p 0.05). Interaction effects of feed type and Nanosil on relative weights of liver, spleen and bursa of fabricius were significant (p 0.05). Treatments had no effects on SGOT and SGPT activity. Main effect of Nanosil on blood uric acid was significan (p 0.05). Based on the results of this investigation, pellet had suitable effects on broiler performance and it seems that Nanosil in this case had negative effects on relative organ weight and blood uric acid and may be used in lower concentration in the broiler's diet.

F. Ahmadi

Papers

The effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on performance, digestive organs and serum lipid concentrations in broiler chickens during starter period

Impact of different levels of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) on performance, oxidative enzymes, and blood parameters in broiler chicks.

The Impact of Silver Nano Particles on Growth Performance, Lymphoid Organs and Oxidative Stress Indicators in Broiler Chicks

Investigation of gelatin/multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite films as packaging materials.

Effects of Feed Type With/Without Nanosil on Cumulative Performance, Relative Organ Weight and Some Blood Parameters of Broilers