This review of literature elucidates previous and current status of herbal remedies in animal parasitic diseases in Nigeria. It provides background information on the rationale behind ethnoveterinary research in general especially as it relates to the developing nations where cost of drugs majorly limit the full use of modern medicine. It presents in quantifiable terms the degree of efficacy of whole or plant parts and their extracts in percentages of efficacy. Dosages and concentrations were reported in certain instances especially in confirmatory research trials unlike in “surveys” where dosages were not recorded but presented only as “traditional practices among herdsmen” for which scientific validation is necessary. Also, comparative inferences were drawn between the efficacy of tested herb and its counterpart in modern medicine. This review concludes that ethnoveterinary medicine should form a part of modern day animal health delivery system. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 4 (4), pp. 303-307, 2005

https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/download/15099/91005

Herbal remedies in animal parasitic diseases in Nigeria: a review

http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/ebook/serien/yo/IUFRO_WS/ws23.pdf

Traditional forest-related knowledge and sustainable forest management in Asia

The impact of cement kiln dust pollution on the environment was evaluated using the concentrations of heavy metals in the test and control sites as a guide. Clinical signs of toxicosis ranging from locomotor disturbances to complete posterior paralysis in goats raised in polluted area were observed. Soil lead (Pb) levels in test and control sites were 890+43.01 ppm and 105.75+3.76 ppm respectively and for contaminated soils fell within the range of toxic levels (500-1000 ppm). Pb concentrations in forages within the polluted area and the control were 420+153.9 ppm and 265.5+65.99 ppm respectively, and the Pb concentrations in soil and forages in polluted areas correlated positively. Cadmium (Cd) level in polluted soil was 28.75+6.57 ppm and in forages grown on the same soil 24.5+2.69 ppm. These figures for cadmium showed little clinical significance and are found below the toxic limit. The blood lead levels of goats in polluted and non-polluted areas were 0.511+0.12 ppm and 0.085+0.01 ppm respectively. This figure in polluted area is within the 0.35 ppm level regarded as diagnostic of heavy metal in toxication and only marginally different from the 0.4 ppm considered terminal. These results conclude that the cement kiln dust pollution is hazardous and is enough a reason for the relocation of the cement factory away from residential area if it becomes impossible to relocate man and animals.

Lead and cadmium poisoning of goats raised in cement kiln dust polluted area

This study was carried out in order to assess some other traditional uses that some woody species can be put to, apart from their usefulness as fuelwood, using Akinyele and Ido Local Government Areas (LGAs), Oyo State, Nigeria, as a case study. Woody species found in agroforestry plots/farms in the study area, were compiled from questionnaires retrieved from 179 respondents, then prioritised using the respondents’ ranking, from which twelve species that top the ranking were selected. Friedman chi-square result revealed that there was no statistically significant difference in the ranking pattern of the respondents in the two LGAs (χ 2 =2.17; p<0.05). The questionnaire survey and literature search for other traditional uses to which the various parts of the accepted fuelwood species are put revealed that culinary and medicinal uses were dominant among these other uses. It was therefore recommended, based on this study, that management strategies that aim at balancing wood use as fuel and other traditional uses should be encouraged.

/pdf/assessment-of-some-other-traditional-uses-of-accepted-1phr95svo9.pdf

Assessment of some other traditional uses of accepted agroforestry fuelwood species in akinyele and ido local government areas, oyo state, nigeria

Pica is a eating disorder, of the eating behavior in childhood. It is defined as the persistent intake of non-nutritional substances for at least one month, in an inappropriate way from an evolutionary perspective, and provided that its practice is not culturally banned. Many animal species, including primates, have this behavior. Documented from antiquity, in most cases it has been considered a symptom of another related disorder rather than as independent condition. Its prevalence is unknown. It is mainly described in mentally disabled people, pregnant women, autism, mentally ill patients, children, and others. The ingestion of earth, ice, starch, ropes, wood, and other products has been observed, although some authors also include the obsessive and reiterative consumption of eatable substances. Geophagia is considered a cultural phenomenon, although sometimes may lead to disease, and an form of paleomedicine or paleonutrition. The etiology of pica is unknown and it has no markers. Sensitive, digestive, nutritional, psychological, and psychiatric factors have been implicated in its origin and maintenance. Although the morbimortality is unknown and difficult to study, we may highlight intoxications, parasitic diseases, and surgical abdomen with serious complications. Finally, as in other eating behavior disorders, the global management of this entity requires a coordinated intervention of different health care professionals.

/pdf/la-pica-retrato-de-una-entidad-clinica-poco-conocida-oke04epr2r.pdf

La pica: retrato de una entidad clínica poco conocida

The aetiology of geophagia in periurban dairy cattle in Nigeria was assessed in relation to the mineral status of the serum, the herbage consumed, and the soil from where the herbage was consumed. The study was carried out using nine herds in the derived savannah zone during both the wet and dry seasons. Generally, the Na, Ca, Fe, Zn and Cu levels in the samples were adequate. However, the forages were low in Ca and the serum was deficient in P. Forage, soil and termite hill samples were also deficient in P. The low levels of P in the soil and termite hill samples showed that the consumption of sand by the cattle did not have any positive impact on their P intake. A seasonal effect was apparent (p 0.05) the concentration of P in the serum, the reported cause of geophagia. Geophagia is probably caused by a marginal level of P in the serum and low levels in the forage and soil. Experimental trials will be required to confirm these observations.

Influence of minerals on the aetiology of geophagia in periurban dairy cattle in the derived savannah of Nigeria.

Twenty-one does of white California breed of rabbit naturally infested with mange were used to evaluate the potency of sheabutter plus salt against scabies of rabbits. The animals were allotted into three treatments 1, 2 and 3 of seven animals each in a completely randomized arrangement. Group 1 was treated with sheabutter plus salt (every 100gm of sheabutter was mixed with 1gm of salt; 100:1) as a thin film over lesions at alternate days for 14 days. Group 2 was treated with ivermectin (IVOMEC(R)) at a single dose rate of 0.5mg/kg body weight; while Group 3 was the untreated control. The initial and final geometric means of mite counts per cm2 were 1.98 and 0.25 for Group 1 against 1.83 and 0 for Group 2. These gave approximate efficacy rating of 90.97% and 100% for treatments 1 and 2 respectively. The efficacy rating was not applicable in the untreated control because the geometric means of mite count continued to increase. The mean recovery response (MRR) of rabbits in Groups 1 and 2 were 3.00 and 4.00 respectively while there was no recovery response in the control. There were slight increases in weight gain per day in treated rabbits. It is concluded that sheabutter plus salt is effective against localized psoroptic mange infection in rabbits. 
(Tropical Veterinarian: 2002 20(1): 11-16)

Evaluation of sheabutter plus salt against naturally acquired psoroptic mange in rabbits

Nine female West African dwarf (WAD) goats naturally infested with gastrointestinal helminthes were used to assess the efficacy of pawpaw seeds suspension vis-a-vis that of levamisole in the treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes of goats  The animals were allotted into 3 groups: 1,2 and 3 of three animals each in a completely randomized arrangement  Group one was treated with pawpaw seds (dried and gound) at 50mg/kg orally, biweekly for six weeks; while the second group was given levamisole at 75mg/kg 1/m; Group 3 was left as untreated control  The approximate efficacy rating of 8646%, 9592% for Oesophagostomum; 9450%, 9854% for Trichuris and 9261%, 9406% for Trichostrongylus was established for treatment 1 and 2 respectively  However in the untreated control, the efficacy rating is not applicable since there were increase in egg per gram (EPG) in faeces across all the nematode types identified  Levamisole produced higher efficacy rating across all the nematode types compared to pawpaw seeds  There were gradual weight gains in treated animals while there were corresponding weight loss in the untreated ones  The PCV and Hb evaluations of treated animals were within the normal physiological range of values for each blood parameter unlike the untreated that fell below

F.I. Ogundola

Papers

Influence of minerals on the aetiology of geophagia in periurban dairy cattle in the derived savannah of Nigeria.

Evaluation of sheabutter plus salt against naturally acquired psoroptic mange in rabbits

Pawpaw seeds as therapeutic agent for parasitic gastro-intestinal helminth of goats