This chapter is devoted to a more detailed examination of game theory. Game theory is an important tool for analyzing strategic behavior, is concerned with how individuals make decisions when they recognize that their actions affect, and are affected by, the actions of other individuals or groups. Strategic behavior recognizes that the decision-making process is frequently mutually interdependent. Game theory is the study of the strategic behavior involving the interaction of two or more individuals, teams, or firms, usually referred to as players. Two game theoretic scenarios were examined in this chapter: Simultaneous-move and multi-stage games. In simultaneous-move games the players effectively move at the same time. A normal-form game summarizes the players, possible strategies and payoffs from alternative strategies in a simultaneous-move game. Simultaneous-move games may be either noncooperative or cooperative. In contrast to noncooperative games, players of cooperative games engage in collusive behavior. A Nash equilibrium, which is a solution to a problem in game theory, occurs when the players’ payoffs cannot be improved by changing strategies. Simultaneous-move games may be either one-shot or repeated games. One-shot games are played only once. Repeated games are games that are played more than once. Infinitely-repeated games are played over and over again without end. Finitely-repeated games are played a limited number of times. Finitely-repeated games have certain or uncertain ends.

An Introduction to Game Theory

Since wireless network virtualization enables abstraction and sharing of infrastructure and radio spectrum resources, the overall expenses of wireless network deployment and operation can be reduced significantly. Moreover, wireless network virtualization can provide easier migration to newer products or technologies by isolating part of the network. Despite the potential vision of wireless network virtualization, several significant research challenges remain to be addressed before widespread deployment of wireless network virtualization, including isolation, control signaling, resource discovery and allocation, mobility management, network management and operation, and security as well as non-technical issues such as governance regulations, etc. In this paper, we provide a brief survey on some of the works that have already been done to achieve wireless network virtualization, and discuss some research issues and challenges. We identify several important aspects of wireless network virtualization: overview, motivations, framework, performance metrics, enabling technologies, and challenges. Finally, we explore some broader perspectives in realizing wireless network virtualization.

Wireless Network Virtualization: A Survey, Some Research Issues and Challenges

Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks in cloud computing environments are growing due to the essential characteristics of cloud computing. With recent advances in software-defined networking (SDN), SDN-based cloud brings us new chances to defeat DDoS attacks in cloud computing environments. Nevertheless, there is a contradictory relationship between SDN and DDoS attacks. On one hand, the capabilities of SDN, including software-based traffic analysis, centralized control, global view of the network, dynamic updating of forwarding rules, make it easier to detect and react to DDoS attacks. On the other hand, the security of SDN itself remains to be addressed, and potential DDoS vulnerabilities exist across SDN platforms. In this paper, we discuss the new trends and characteristics of DDoS attacks in cloud computing, and provide a comprehensive survey of defense mechanisms against DDoS attacks using SDN. In addition, we review the studies about launching DDoS attacks on SDN, as well as the methods against DDoS attacks in SDN. To the best of our knowledge, the contradictory relationship between SDN and DDoS attacks has not been well addressed in previous works. This work can help to understand how to make full use of SDN's advantages to defeat DDoS attacks in cloud computing environments and how to prevent SDN itself from becoming a victim of DDoS attacks, which are important for the smooth evolution of SDN-based cloud without the distraction of DDoS attacks.

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks in Cloud Computing Environments: A Survey, Some Research Issues, and Challenges

Mobile edge computing has risen as a promising technology for augmenting the computational capabilities of mobile devices Meanwhile, in-network caching has become a natural trend of the solution of handling exponentially increasing Internet traffic The important issues in these two networking paradigms are computation offloading and content caching strategies, respectively In order to jointly tackle these issues in wireless cellular networks with mobile edge computing, we formulate the computation offloading decision, resource allocation and content caching strategy as an optimization problem, considering the total revenue of the network Furthermore, we transform the original problem into a convex problem and then decompose it in order to solve it in a distributed and efficient way Finally, with recent advances in distributed convex optimization, we develop an alternating direction method of multipliers-based algorithm to solve the optimization problem The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is demonstrated by simulation results with different system parameters

Computation Offloading and Resource Allocation in Wireless Cellular Networks With Mobile Edge Computing

In-band full-duplex (IBFD) transmission represents an attractive option for increasing the throughput of wireless communication systems A key challenge for IBFD transmission is reducing self-interference Fortunately, the power associated with residual self-interference can be effectively canceled for feasible IBFD transmission with combinations of various advanced passive, analog, and digital self-interference cancellation schemes In this survey paper, we first review the basic concepts of IBFD transmission with shared and separated antennas and advanced self-interference cancellation schemes Furthermore, we also discuss the effects of IBFD transmission on system performance in various networks such as bidirectional, relay, and cellular topology networks This survey covers a wide array of technologies that have been proposed in the literature as feasible for IBFD transmission and evaluates the performance of the IBFD systems compared to conventional half-duplex transmission in connection with theoretical aspects such as the achievable sum rate, network capacity, system reliability, and so on We also discuss the research challenges and opportunities associated with the design and analysis of IBFD systems in a variety of network topologies This work also explores the development of MAC protocols for an IBFD system in both infrastructure-based and ad hoc networks Finally, we conclude our survey by reviewing the advantages of IBFD transmission when applied for different purposes, such as spectrum sensing, network secrecy, and wireless power transfer

A Survey of In-Band Full-Duplex Transmission: From the Perspective of PHY and MAC Layers

Both cognitive radio and femtocell have been considered as promising techniques in wireless networks. However, most of previous works are focused on spectrum sharing and interference avoidance, and the energy efficiency aspect is largely ignored. In this paper, we study the energy efficiency aspect of spectrum sharing and power allocation in heterogeneous cognitive radio networks with femtocells. To fully exploit the cognitive capability, we consider a wireless network architecture in which both the macrocell and the femtocell have the cognitive capability. We formulate the energy-efficient resource allocation problem in heterogeneous cognitive radio networks with femtocells as a Stackelberg game. A gradient based iteration algorithm is proposed to obtain the Stackelberg equilibrium solution to the energy-efficient resource allocation problem. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the Stackelberg equilibrium is obtained by the proposed iteration algorithm and energy efficiency can be improved significantly in the proposed scheme.

Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation for Heterogeneous Cognitive Radio Networks with Femtocells

An effective node failure recovery scheme is very important in wireless peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing networks. Most of the existing failure recovery protocols are based on backup path mechanism, in which a new path will be used if the original one breaks. However, due to the limited resources in wireless environments, the maintenance of backup paths is expensive. Moreover, the time spending on path switch may be unacceptable long. In this paper, we propose a novel peer grouping scheme to select a qualified peer from a group to replace the failed node. The main criteria in deciding the backup node is derived with the help of recent advances in fuzzy cognitive maps (FCM). Several influential factors are considered, including energy, movement, lingering time and security, with further investigation on their respective contributions to node failure risk. We compare the performance of the proposed scheme with that of traditional path redirection and multi-path backup algorithms. The FCM-based peer grouping scheme has significant improvement in failure recovery time and file transfer time.

A FCM-Based Peer Grouping Scheme for Node Failure Recovery in Wireless P2P File Sharing

Recent advances in interference cancellation and signal-processing techniques can enable full-duplex radios and multipacket reception (MPR), which will have significant impact on medium access control (MAC) schemes. In this paper, we propose a MAC scheme in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) ad-hoc networks with full-duplex radios and MPR. To efficiently handle the highly mobile environment of a UAV ad-hoc network, a token-based technique is used to update information in the network as well. The MAC schemes in the presence of perfect and imperfect channel state information (CSI) are formulated as a combinatorial optimization problem and a discrete stochastic optimization problem, respectively. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed MAC.

Medium Access Control for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Ad-Hoc Networks With Full-Duplex Radios and Multipacket Reception Capability

Two complementary classes of approaches exist to protect high security mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), prevention-based approaches, such as authentication, and detection-based approaches, such as intrusion detection. Most previous work studies these two classes of issues separately. In this paper, we propose a framework of combining intrusion detection and continuous authentication in MANETs. In this framework, multimodal biometrics are used for continuous authentication, and intrusion detection is modeled as sensors to detect system security state. We formulate the whole system as a partially observed Markov decision process considering both system security requirements and resource constraints. We then use dynamic programming-based hidden Markov model scheduling algorithms to derive the optimal schemes for both intrusion detection and continuous authentication. Extensive simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Optimal combined intrusion detection and biometric-based continuous authentication in high security mobile ad hoc networks

Continuous user authentication is an important prevention-based approach to protect high security mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). On the other hand, intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are also important in MANETs to effectively identify malicious activities. Considering these two approaches jointly is effective in optimal security design taking into account system security requirements and resource constraints in MANETs. To obtain the optimal scheme of combining continuous user authentication and IDSs in a distributed manner, we formulate the problem as a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) multi-armed bandit problem. We present a structural results method to solve the problem for a large network with a variety of nodes. The policies derived from structural results are easy to implement in practical MANETs. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness and the performance of the proposed scheme.

F. R. Yu

Papers

Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation for Heterogeneous Cognitive Radio Networks with Femtocells

A FCM-Based Peer Grouping Scheme for Node Failure Recovery in Wireless P2P File Sharing

Medium Access Control for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Ad-Hoc Networks With Full-Duplex Radios and Multipacket Reception Capability

Optimal combined intrusion detection and biometric-based continuous authentication in high security mobile ad hoc networks

Structural Results for Combined Continuous User Authentication and Intrusion Detection in High Security Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks