https://medicata.lt/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Bioactive-compounds-and-health-promoting-properties-of-royal-jelly_A-review.pdf

Bioactive compounds and health-promoting properties of royal jelly: A review

http://www2.rc.unesp.br/lbez/pdf/Peptides2004geleines.pdf

Jelleines: a family of antimicrobial peptides from the Royal Jelly of honeybees (Apis mellifera)

Ophrys flowers mimic virgin females of their pollinators, and thereby attract males for pollination. Stimulated by scent, the males attempt to copulate with flower labella and thereby ensure pollination. Here, we show for the first time, to our knowledge, that pollinator attraction in sexually deceptive orchids may be based on a few specific chemical compounds. Ophrys speculum flowers produce many volatiles, including trace amounts of (omega-1)-hydroxy and (omega-1)-oxo acids, especially 9-hydroxydecanoic acid. These compounds, which are novel in plants, prove to be the major components of the female sex pheromone in the scoliid wasp Campsoscolia ciliata, and stimulate male copulatory behaviour in this pollinator species. The specificity of the signal depends primarily on the structure and enantiomeric composition of the oxygenated acids, which is the same in wasps and in the orchids. The overall composition of the blend differs significantly between the orchid and its pollinator and is of secondary importance. 9-Hydroxydecanoic acid is a rarely occurring compound that until now has been identified only in honeybees. Contrary to the standard hypothesis that Ophrys flowers produce only 'second-class attractivity compounds' and are neglected once the pollinator females are present, we show that flowers are more attractive to the males than are their own females.

/pdf/pollinator-attraction-in-a-sexually-deceptive-orchid-by-1rzwbvq7jo.pdf

Pollinator attraction in a sexually deceptive orchid by means of unconventional chemicals

Departamento de Alimentos e Nutricao Experimental, Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas da Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil. Received 26 June 2008, accepted subject to revision 18 August 2008, accepted for publication November 2008. *Corresponding author: Email: annagloria.sabatini@entecra.it

/pdf/quality-and-standardisation-of-royal-jelly-30szk1r738.pdf

Quality and standardisation of Royal Jelly

Royal Jelly: An ancient remedy with remarkable antibacterial properties

This present work characterizes the fatty acid constituents of the lipid fraction of royal jelly. Among the organic acids found after fractionation by thin layer chromatography of the corresponding methyl esters, the following compounds were identified by combined GC-MS: saturated and unsaturated linear fatty acids, saturated and unsaturated linear and branched dicarboxylic acids, mono-and dihydroxy acids. The most common characteristic of the organic acids was that most contained 8 or 10 carbon atoms, whether saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched.

Components of royal jelly: I. Identification of the organic acids

SummaryQuantitative differences were found in the chemical composition of royal jelly samples collected in spring and summer by the same producer. The main difference was in the free fatty acids, which showed a marked increase in 10-hydroxydecanoic acid in summer. The sterol and hydrocarbon fractions were also investigated. The most significant sterols were identified by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. The hydrocarbon components, identified by their retention times, were a homologous series of straight-chain compounds, from C16 to C33, with even and odd numbers of carbon atoms. Considerable amounts of some hydrocarbons were found. Of the sterols identified, the most abundant was 24-methylene cholesterol; stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, Δ5-avenasterol, Δ7-avenasterol and cholesterol were also present.

F. Ruini

Papers

Components of royal jelly: I. Identification of the organic acids

Components of Royal Jelly II. The Lipid Fraction, Hydrocarbons and Sterols