The idea of using a chromatographic adsorbent in the form of a thin layer fixed on an inert rigid support seems to have been suggested by Izmailov and Shraiber in 1938. Meinhard and Hall[1] in 1949 developed this notion of an ‘open column’, and in 1951 Kirchner, Miller, and Keller[2] reported the separation of terpenes on a ‘chromatostrip’, prepared by coating a small glass strip with an adsorbent mixed with starch or plaster of Paris, which acted as a binder. The strips were handled in the same way that paper is handled in paper chromatography, and indeed the original object of the thin-layer technique was to apply the methods of paper partition chromatography to an adsorption system.

Thin Layer Chromatography

CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION I. . . . . 44 FUNGI . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Occurrence and quantitative variation . . . . . I44 Metabolism and physiological role . . . . . . 148 Uptake and utilization . . . . . . . 148 Polyols as natural substrates . . . . . .I49 Polyols as storage products . . . . . . I50 Polyols in spores and spore germination . . . . I51 Intermediary metabolism and enzymology . . . . I53 The role of polyols in storage of reducing power and coenzyme regulation . . . . . . . . . . 56 The control of polyol synthesis . . . . . .I57 ALGAE . . . . . . . . . . . I57 Occurrence and quantitative variation . . . . . 157 Phaeophyta . . . . . . . . . I59 Rhodophyta . . . . . . . . .I6I Chlorophyta . . . . . . . i6I Chrysophyta and Pyrrophyta . . . . . i6i Heterotrophic growth . . . . . . . . i6I Metabolism and physiological role . . . . . . i62 Phaeophyta . . . . . . . . . i62 Other phyla . . . . . . . . .I63 LICHENS . . . . . . . . . . . I64 Occurrence and quantitative variation . . . . . I64 Metabolism and physiological role . . . . . . i66 Accumulation of polyols during photosynthesis . . . i66 Uptake . . . . . . . . . . I67 Endogenous metabolism . . . . . . . I67 HIGHER PLANTS . . . . . . . . . i68 Occurrence and quantitative variation . .. . . I68 Metabolism and physiological role I. . . . . 70 Photosynthesis and translocation . . . . . . I70 Enzymology . . . . . . . . 171 Endogenous metabolism . . . . . . I73 Heterotrophic nutrition . . . . . . . I74 DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . 175 Occurrence and quantitative variation . . . . . 175 Carbohydrate storage . . . . . . . . 175 Translocation . . . . . . . . . 176 Osmo-regulation . . . . . . . . . I77 Enzymology and control of synthesis . . . . . 177 Coenzyme regulation and storage of reducing power . . I78 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . I78 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I. . . . . 78 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . I79

Sugar alcohols (polyols) in fungi and green plants

Fuels for flight in Locusta

Pneumococcal lipoteichoic acid was extracted and purified by a novel, quick and effective procedure. Structural analysis included methylation, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, oxidation with CrO3, and fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry. Hydrolysis with 48% (by mass) HF and subsequent phase partition yielded the lipid anchor (I), the dephosphorylated repeating unit of the chain (II) and a cleavage product of the latter (III). The proposed structures are: (I) Glc(beta 1----3)AATGal(beta 1----3)Glc(alpha 1----3)acyl2Gro, (II) Glc(beta 1----3)AATGal(alpha 1----4)GalNAc(alpha 1----3)GalNAc(beta 1----1)ribitol and (III) Glc(beta 1----3)AATGal(alpha 1----4)GalNAc(alpha 1----3)GalNAc, where AATGal is 2-acetamido-4-amino-2,4,6-trideoxygalactose, and all sugars are in the pyranose form and belong to the D-series. Alkaline phosphodiester cleavage of lipoteichoic acid, followed by treatment with phosphomonoesterase, resulted in the formation of II and IV, with IV as the prevailing species: [sequence: see text] The linkage between the repeating units was established as phosphodiester bond between ribitol 5-phosphate and position 6 of the glucosyl residue of adjacent units. The chain was shown to be linked to the lipid anchor by a phosphodiester between its ribitol 5-phosphate terminus and position 6 of the non-reducing glucosyl terminus of I. The lipoteichoic acid is polydisperse: the chain length may vary between 2 and 8 repeating units and variations were also observed for the fatty acid composition of the diacylglycerol moiety. Preliminary results suggest that repeating units II and IV are enriched in separate molecular species. All species were associated with Forssman antigenicity, albeit to a various extent when related to the non-phosphocholine phosphorus. Owing to its unique structure, the described macroamphiphile may be classified as atypical lipoteichoic acid.

https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb17143.x

The structure of pneumococcal lipoteichoic acid. Improved preparation, chemical and mass spectrometric studies.

The results presented in this paper indicate that delayed implantation in the roe deer is due to a lack of certain essential factors which are needed to induce and support the process ofembryonic growth. These factors are eventually supplied, in the first weeks ofJanuary, as a secretion emanating from the endometrial glands. This secretion contains uterine-specific and serum proteins, about twenty free amino acids, protein-bound glucose and galactose and, rather surprisingly, a free ketose which appears to be fructose. Elongation of the roe deer blastocyst is also correlated with a rise in the concentration of plasma oestrogens, an endocrine change that may stimulate the endometrial glands into secretory activity. However, since simultaneous changes

/pdf/delayed-implantation-in-roe-deer-capreolus-capreolus-4xswvmi5wk.pdf

F. Smith

Papers

Thin-Film Chromatography in the Study of Carbohydrates