Part One: The Context Of Educational Research Part Two: Planning Educational Research Part Three: Styles Of Educational Research Part Four: Strategies And Instruments For Data Collection And Researching Part Five: Data Analysis

Research Methods in Education

A life-span, life-space approach to career development

When estimating causal effects using observational data, it is desirable to replicate a randomized experiment as closely as possible by obtaining treated and control groups with similar covariate distributions. This goal can often be achieved by choosing well-matched samples of the original treated and control groups, thereby reducing bias due to the covariates. Since the 1970's, work on matching methods has examined how to best choose treated and control subjects for comparison. Matching methods are gaining popularity in fields such as economics, epidemiology, medicine, and political science. However, until now the literature and related advice has been scattered across disciplines. Researchers who are interested in using matching methods-or developing methods related to matching-do not have a single place to turn to learn about past and current research. This paper provides a structure for thinking about matching methods and guidance on their use, coalescing the existing research (both old and new) and providing a summary of where the literature on matching methods is now and where it should be headed.

/pdf/matching-methods-for-causal-inference-a-review-and-a-look-1133erv7vp.pdf

Matching Methods for Causal Inference: A Review and a Look Forward

Nach Campbell gibt es fur die Mehrzahl sozialer Pragramme noch immer keine interpretierbaren Evaluationen. Sein Artikel befast sich mit den Grunden dafur und versucht Wege aufzuzeigen, wie dies geandert werden konnte. Problem: Fur viele Reformen wird abgestimmt, als sei bereits sicher, das die gewunschte Wirkung auftritt. Zeigen die Ergebnisse spater etwas anderes an, last dies den Politiker unglaubwurdig wirken. Losungsvorschlag: Der Autor wunscht sich eine Politik, in der das Augenmerk nicht mehr auf die einzelnen Programme gerichtet ist, sondern auf die dahinter liegenden Probleme. Ziel sollte es sein, das Problem zu beseitigen. Wirkt ein bestimmtes Programm nicht, so konnten weitere Methoden ausprobiert werden.

Reforms as experiments

Part I. Causality and Empirical Research in the Social Sciences: 1. Introduction Part II. Counterfactuals, Potential Outcomes, and Causal Graphs: 2. Counterfactuals and the potential-outcome model 3. Causal graphs Part III. Estimating Causal Effects by Conditioning on Observed Variables to Block Backdoor Paths: 4. Models of causal exposure and identification criteria for conditioning estimators 5. Matching estimators of causal effects 6. Regression estimators of causal effects 7. Weighted regression estimators of causal effects Part IV. Estimating Causal Effects When Backdoor Conditioning Is Ineffective: 8. Self-selection, heterogeneity, and causal graphs 9. Instrumental-variable estimators of causal effects 10. Mechanisms and causal explanation 11. Repeated observations and the estimation of causal effects Part V. Estimation When Causal Effects Are Not Point Identified by Observables: 12. Distributional assumptions, set identification, and sensitivity analysis Part VI. Conclusions: 13. Counterfactuals and the future of empirical research in observational social science.

Counterfactuals and Causal Inference: Methods and Principles for Social Research

Experimental Designs in Sociological Research.

Urban Land Use Planning.

Human activity patterns in the city : things people do in time and in space

Social Theory and Social Action

A study of 171 families in the Minneapolis P. W. A. Housing Project from 1935 to 1936, followed up to temporary relocation, showed the great majority resettled within a three-quarter-mile circle. The mean dwelling-unit rental increased $2.30 per month in quarters slightly improved in location but smaller in number of rooms. Measurements before removal compared with after relocation showed slightly greater gain in general adjustment scores than in morale scores. Negroes had most favorable scores on adjustment and morale, and gained most by the change. Jews had unfavorable scores and gained least of any subgroup. A new criterion of crowded living conditions, called "use overcrowding," was developed. On the basis of this criterion those families which changed from "use overcrowding" on the slum location to normal use of living-rooms on relocation gained in five out of eight indices of social condition. Families that changed from normal use of living-room in slum dwellings to "use overcrowding" on relocation ...

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2768921.pdf

F. Stuart Chapin

Papers

Experimental Designs in Sociological Research.

Urban Land Use Planning.

Human activity patterns in the city : things people do in time and in space

Social Theory and Social Action

The Effects of Slum Clearance and Rehousing on Family and Community Relationships in Minneapolis