THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Machine Learning is the study of methods for programming computers to learn. Computers are applied to a wide range of tasks, and for most of these it is relatively easy for programmers to design and implement the necessary software. However, there are many tasks for which this is difficult or impossible. These can be divided into four general categories. First, there are problems for which there exist no human experts. For example, in modern automated manufacturing facilities, there is a need to predict machine failures before they occur by analyzing sensor readings. Because the machines are new, there are no human experts who can be interviewed by a programmer to provide the knowledge necessary to build a computer system. A machine learning system can study recorded data and subsequent machine failures and learn prediction rules. Second, there are problems where human experts exist, but where they are unable to explain their expertise. This is the case in many perceptual tasks, such as speech recognition, hand-writing recognition, and natural language understanding. Virtually all humans exhibit expert-level abilities on these tasks, but none of them can describe the detailed steps that they follow as they perform them. Fortunately, humans can provide machines with examples of the inputs and correct outputs for these tasks, so machine learning algorithms can learn to map the inputs to the outputs. Third, there are problems where phenomena are changing rapidly. In finance, for example, people would like to predict the future behavior of the stock market, of consumer purchases, or of exchange rates. These behaviors change frequently, so that even if a programmer could construct a good predictive computer program, it would need to be rewritten frequently. A learning program can relieve the programmer of this burden by constantly modifying and tuning a set of learned prediction rules. Fourth, there are applications that need to be customized for each computer user separately. Consider, for example, a program to filter unwanted electronic mail messages. Different users will need different filters. It is unreasonable to expect each user to program his or her own rules, and it is infeasible to provide every user with a software engineer to keep the rules up-to-date. A machine learning system can learn which mail messages the user rejects and maintain the filtering rules automatically. Machine learning addresses many of the same research questions as the fields of statistics, data mining, and psychology, but with differences of emphasis. Statistics focuses on understanding the phenomena that have generated the data, often with the goal of testing different hypotheses about those phenomena. Data mining seeks to find patterns in the data that are understandable by people. Psychological studies of human learning aspire to understand the mechanisms underlying the various learning behaviors exhibited by people (concept learning, skill acquisition, strategy change, etc.).

Machine learning

How to Do Things With Words

Emotion and Adaptation

Inevitably, reading is one of the requirements to be undergone. To improve the performance and quality, someone needs to have something new every day. It will suggest you to have more inspirations, then. However, the needs of inspirations will make you searching for some sources. Even from the other people experience, internet, and many books. Books and internet are the recommended media to help you improving your quality and performance.

The Logic and Limits of Trust

The appearance of powerful tools for lightweight metadata creation, such as collaborative tagging systems, is harnessing the power of online communities, although such metadata are limited to human consumption only. In this paper we first propose an abstract model for representing a generic collaborative tagging system which uses RDF as the underlying technology to store metadata created by different online communities. Then, we present a scenario with the purpose of illustrating how a service able to retrieve tags from different folksonomies can support users in the organization of their personal information spaces within the context of a digital library.

/pdf/shaping-personal-information-spaces-from-collaborative-38d9142spy.pdf

Shaping personal information spaces from collaborative tagging systems

Online communities have been able to develop large, open-source software (OSS) projects like Linux and Firefox throughout the successful collaborations carried out by their members over the Internet. However, online communities also involve creative arts domains such as animation, video games, and music. Despite their growing popularity, the factors that lead to successful collaborations in these communities are not entirely understood. In this paper, we present a study on creative collaboration in a music community where authors write songs together by 'overdubbing,' that is, by mixing a new track with an existing audio recording. We analyzed the relationship between song- and author-related measures and the likelihood of a song being overdubbed. We found that recent songs, as well as songs with many reactions, are more likely to be overdubbed; authors with a high status in the community and a recognizable identity write songs that the community tends to build upon.

Collaboration Success Factors in an Online Music Community

In this paper we describe the evolution of eConference, a text-based conferencing system that has turned into a collaborative platform. We draw the lessons learned from the evolution process, as first we changed the underlying communication framework, from the JXTA P2P platform to the XMPP client/server protocol, and then its overall architecture, from traditional plugin to pure-plugin system, built on top of the Eclipse Rich Client Platform.

/pdf/evolving-a-text-based-conferencing-system-an-experience-3gpyibx637.pdf

Evolving a text-based conferencing system: An experience report

Context: Real-time speech translation technology is today available but still lacks a complete understanding of how such technology may affect communication in global software projects.Goal: To investigate the adoption of combining speech recognition and machine translation in order to overcome language barriers among stakeholders who are remotely negotiating software requirements.Method: We performed an empirical simulation-based study including: Google Web Speech API and Google Translate service, two groups of four subjects, speaking Italian and Brazilian Portuguese, and a test set of 60 technical and non-technical utterances.Results: Our findings revealed that, overall: (i) a satisfactory accuracy in terms of speech recognition was achieved, although significantly affected by speaker and utterance differences; (ii) adequate translations tend to follow accurate transcripts, meaning that speech recognition is the most critical part for speech translation technology.Conclusions: Results provide a positive albeit initial evidence towards the possibility to use speech translation technologies to help globally distributed team members to communicate in their native languages.

/pdf/an-empirical-simulation-based-study-of-real-time-speech-40hu6k3415.pdf

An empirical simulation-based study of real-time speech translation for multilingual global project teams

The role of sentiment analysis is increasingly emerging to study software developers' emotions by mining crowd-generated content within social software engineering tools. However, off-the-shelf sentiment analysis tools have been trained on non-technical domains and general-purpose social media, thus resulting in misclassifications of technical jargon and problem reports. Here, we present Senti4SD, a classifier specifically trained to support sentiment analysis in developers' communication channels. Senti4SD is trained and validated using a gold standard of Stack Overflow questions, answers, and comments manually annotated for sentiment polarity. It exploits a suite of both lexicon- and keyword-based features, as well as semantic features based on word embedding. With respect to a mainstream off-the-shelf tool, which we use as a baseline, Senti4SD reduces the misclassifications of neutral and positive posts as emotionally negative. To encourage replications, we release a lab package including the classifier, the word embedding space, and the gold standard with annotation guidelines.

Fabio Calefato

Papers

Shaping personal information spaces from collaborative tagging systems

Collaboration Success Factors in an Online Music Community

Evolving a text-based conferencing system: An experience report

An empirical simulation-based study of real-time speech translation for multilingual global project teams

Sentiment Polarity Detection for Software Development