Systems, methods, and apparatus embodiments for electric power grid and network registration and management of active grid elements. Grid elements are transformed into active grid elements following initial registration of each grid element with the system, preferably through network-based communication between the grid elements and a coordinator, either in coordination with or outside of an IP-based communications network router. A multiplicity of active grid elements function in the grid for supply capacity, supply and/or load curtailment as supply or capacity. Also preferably, messaging is managed through a network by a Coordinator using IP messaging for communication with the grid elements, with the energy management system (EMS), and with the utilities, market participants, and/or grid operators.

System, method, and apparatus for electric power grid and network management of grid elements

Systems and methods for managing power supplied over an electric power grid by an electric utility and/or other market participants to multiplicity of grid elements and devices for supply and/or load curtailment as supply, each of which having a Power Supply Value (PSV) associated with its energy consumption and/or reduction in consumption and/or supply, and wherein messaging is managed through a network by a Coordinator using IP messaging for communication with the grid elements and devices, with the energy management system (EMS), and with the utilities, market participants, and/or grid operators.

Method and apparatus for actively managing electric power supply for an electric power grid

This paper presents a general overview of substrate integrated transmission lines, from the perspective of historical background and progress of guided-wave structures and their impacts on the development of microwave circuits and integration solutions. This is highlighted through a technology roadmap involving the categorized five generations of microwave circuits. In particular, the substrate integration technologies are reviewed and discussed with focus on technical features, design highlights, component developments, structures evolution, and systems integration. A number of examples are presented to showcase some of the selected milestone research and development activities and accomplishments in connection with substrate integrated transmission line technologies, with particular focus on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) techniques. Practical applications and industrial interests are also presented with key references and technical results, which show more and more product developments in the end-user sectors. It can be found that the popularity of SIW techniques is closely related to the achieved seamless integration of planar and non-planar structures into a unified design space, thereby allowing the possibility of combining major advantages of all the structures while alleviating their potential drawbacks. The future perspectives of the substrate integration technology are discussed through five major research directions, which suggest potential impacts in the development of future generations of circuits and systems such as system-on-substrate (SoS).

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Substrate Integrated Transmission Lines: Review and Applications

In this paper, ultra-wideband (UWB) Marchand baluns using substrate integrated coaxial line (SICL) technology are first proposed. SICL is a shielded planar coaxial line, which is very suitable for wideband and high-speed applications due to its broad unimodal operation band, low insertion loss, very small dispersion, and easy integration with other planar circuits. In order to achieve wider bandwidth and better VSWR performance of the SICL balun, a pair of quarter-wave impedance transformers are inserted into the balanced line. The impedance characteristics of the proposed SICL baluns are analyzed, and the parameters that determine the balun bandwidth are discussed. Then, curves of the balun resistance, reactance, and the SICL characteristic impedance are presented. According to these curves, the design parameters of the proposed SICL baluns can easily be determined. To verify these ideas, an UWB SICL single balun and an UWB SICL dual balun are designed, fabricated, and measured. Both full-wave simulated and measured results are presented, and good agreement between them is observed. The proposed SICL baluns have a simple structure and good performance, which are suitable for applications in UWB communication systems.

Ultra-Wideband Single and Dual Baluns Based on Substrate Integrated Coaxial Line Technology

In one or more embodiments described herein, there is provided an apparatus comprising input and output waveguides, and a carbon nanotube array. The array is positioned to electromagnetically couple the waveguides. The array has a slow-wave factor associated therewith, the speed of propagation of waves through the array being determined by this slow-wave factor. The array also has a first interface region. The apparatus further comprises a tuning element positioned to oppose the first interface region of the array to define a tuning distance. The slow-wave factor is affected by this tuning distance, and the tuning element is configured to be movable with respect to the first interface region so as to vary this tuning distance and thereby control the speed of propagation of waves through the array.

Apparatus and associated methods

A novel substrate integrated coaxial line (SICL) is presented and experimentally verified in this paper This structure exhibits unimodal operation over a wide frequency band, is shielded and not dispersive, can be fabricated by using simple, low-cost thin?film process, and can be easily integrated with active devices Moreover, the same technology results particularly suitable to realize passive components for wideband applications The design of a Lange coupler with operation bandwidth of 66%, to be used in a Multi-port Impulse Radio for Ultra Wide Band applications, is reported

A Novel Substrate Integrated Coaxial Line (SICL) for Wide-Band Applications

This paper presents the design of a wide-band six-port device, intended for ultra wide-band (UWB) applications. A new substrate integrated technology is introduced in this work, and experimentally verified in the case of a substrate-integrated coaxial line (SICL). This transmission line presents a very broad single-mode band, is completely shielded and non-dispersive. Based on the same technology, a power divider and a Lange coupler has been designed. The frequency response of the full six-port device shows a wide operation bandwidth, suitable to UWB applications.

A new wide-band six-port junction based on substrate integrated coaxial line (SICL) technology

A tunable delay line (100) for radiofrequency or microwave frequency applications consists of at least one ridge waveguide in which the ridge (103) is movable in the waveguide body (102) so as to vary the width of an air gap (105) defined between the longitudinal end surface of the ridge (103) and a confronting member (104) of the waveguide. The ridge (103) is moved by an actuator external to the waveguide body (102).

Tunable ridge waveguide delay line

A tunable delay line for radiofrequency or microwave frequency applications consists of at least one ridge waveguide in which the ridge is movable in the waveguide body so as to vary the width of an air gap defined between the longitudinal end surface of the ridge and a confronting member of the waveguide. The ridge is moved by an actuator external to the waveguide body.

Tunable waveguide delay line having a movable ridge for providing continuous delay

A differential delay element (10) for use e.g. in selectively delaying RF signals in telecommunication systems includes a first microstrip circuit (12) and a second microstrip circuit (14) arranged side-by-side in a facing relationship. The first microstrip circuit (12) defines a first delayed travel path for a first signal from a first input port (IN1 ) to a first output port (OUT1 ) and the second microstrip circuit (14) defines a second delayed travel path for a second signal from a second input port (IN2) to a second output port (OUT2). A perturber (18) is arranged between the first (12) and second (14) microstrip circuits, displaceable (20) towards and away from the first (12) and second (14) microstrip circuits, so that when the distance of the perturber (18) to one (12 resp. 14) of the microstrip circuits increases, the distance of the perturber (18) to the other (14 resp. 12) of the microstrip circuits decreases and viceversa. The position of the perturber (18) between the first (12) and second (14) microstrip circuits defines the differential delay, namely the difference (Δτ=τ1-τ2) between the times (τ1, τ2) experienced by the two signals in travelling their travel paths through the delay device (10).

Fabrizio Gatti

Papers

A Novel Substrate Integrated Coaxial Line (SICL) for Wide-Band Applications

A new wide-band six-port junction based on substrate integrated coaxial line (SICL) technology

Tunable ridge waveguide delay line

Tunable waveguide delay line having a movable ridge for providing continuous delay

A delay element and a corresponding method