There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

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Table Of Integrals Series And Products

Technological evolution of mobile user equipment (UEs), such as smartphones or laptops, goes hand-in-hand with evolution of new mobile applications. However, running computationally demanding applications at the UEs is constrained by limited battery capacity and energy consumption of the UEs. A suitable solution extending the battery life-time of the UEs is to offload the applications demanding huge processing to a conventional centralized cloud. Nevertheless, this option introduces significant execution delay consisting of delivery of the offloaded applications to the cloud and back plus time of the computation at the cloud. Such a delay is inconvenient and makes the offloading unsuitable for real-time applications. To cope with the delay problem, a new emerging concept, known as mobile edge computing (MEC), has been introduced. The MEC brings computation and storage resources to the edge of mobile network enabling it to run the highly demanding applications at the UE while meeting strict delay requirements. The MEC computing resources can be exploited also by operators and third parties for specific purposes. In this paper, we first describe major use cases and reference scenarios where the MEC is applicable. After that we survey existing concepts integrating MEC functionalities to the mobile networks and discuss current advancement in standardization of the MEC. The core of this survey is, then, focused on user-oriented use case in the MEC, i.e., computation offloading. In this regard, we divide the research on computation offloading to three key areas: 1) decision on computation offloading; 2) allocation of computing resource within the MEC; and 3) mobility management. Finally, we highlight lessons learned in area of the MEC and we discuss open research challenges yet to be addressed in order to fully enjoy potentials offered by the MEC.

Mobile Edge Computing: A Survey on Architecture and Computation Offloading

Technological evolution of mobile user equipments (UEs), such as smartphones or laptops, goes hand-in-hand with evolution of new mobile applications. However, running computationally demanding applications at the UEs is constrained by limited battery capacity and energy consumption of the UEs. Suitable solution extending the battery life-time of the UEs is to offload the applications demanding huge processing to a conventional centralized cloud (CC). Nevertheless, this option introduces significant execution delay consisting in delivery of the offloaded applications to the cloud and back plus time of the computation at the cloud. Such delay is inconvenient and make the offloading unsuitable for real-time applications. To cope with the delay problem, a new emerging concept, known as mobile edge computing (MEC), has been introduced. The MEC brings computation and storage resources to the edge of mobile network enabling to run the highly demanding applications at the UE while meeting strict delay requirements. The MEC computing resources can be exploited also by operators and third parties for specific purposes. In this paper, we first describe major use cases and reference scenarios where the MEC is applicable. After that we survey existing concepts integrating MEC functionalities to the mobile networks and discuss current advancement in standardization of the MEC. The core of this survey is, then, focused on user-oriented use case in the MEC, i.e., computation offloading. In this regard, we divide the research on computation offloading to three key areas: i) decision on computation offloading, ii) allocation of computing resource within the MEC, and iii) mobility management. Finally, we highlight lessons learned in area of the MEC and we discuss open research challenges yet to be addressed in order to fully enjoy potentials offered by the MEC.

This document provides updates to IEEE Std 802.16's MIB for the MAC, PHY and asso- ciated management procedures in order to accommodate recent extensions to the standard.

IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems Draft Amendment: Management Information Base Extensions

Evolving the power grid towards the next generation is paving the way for the Smart Grid, characterized by bidirectional flows for energy and information. This paper provides a numerical analysis on the usage of two wireless access technologies (namely WiFi and LTE) to support metering and monitoring services for the Smart Home environment.

On the Usage of WiFi and LTE for the Smart Grid

The effort of telecommunications operators in 5G design and implementation is oriented to effective and efficient verticals support. Full network softwarization will deploy tools such as software-defined networks and network functions virtualization to allow dynamic service provisioning on the same physical infrastructure. However, current 5G proposed architecture still requires further enhancement to guarantee full real-time on-demand services. Current virtualization technologies still miss complete automation and adaptation, while they do not have dynamic negotiation capabilities. These issues are bounding the desired complete automation and the significant reduction in OPEX and CAPEX. Thus, this article proposes a full architecture to realize autonomic mobile virtual network operators. These autonomic virtual operators can be deployed by Internet service providers to guarantee efficient and effective network adaptation to unexpected events and real-time resource requests. The objective of an AMVNO is to exploit softwarization of networks and experiential intelligence to play the role of a local operator by performing network management and service release without human intervention. Its autonomic character can also provide proactive actions against unwanted network states.

Autonomic Mobile Virtual Network Operators for Future Generation Networks

To cope up with the booming of data traffic and to accommodate new and emerging technologies such as machine-type communications, the 5th Generation (5G) of mobile networks must be empowered with efficient resource allocation schemes that benefit from the adoption of the Software-Defined networking (SDN) paradigm. In radio communications, allocation of resources is tightly connected with interference. In this paper, we revisit the way wireless interference is managed and avoided relying on the SDN paradigm for controlling the network. The SDN approach is exploited to expose the lower layers of the stack (e.g., Physical and Medium Access Control) to the controller and its applications by making system parameters available, such that it is possible to dynamically configure the network in a logically centralized fashion, by means of specifically designed algorithms. The contribution of this work is threefold. First, we show how to adapt the SDN paradigm to mobile networks. Second, we propose the interference graph as an abstraction that can be used to control interference. Last, we formulate a throughput optimization tool that uses the proposed interference graph as an input.

A framework for interference control in Software-Defined mobile radio networks

The Point Coordination Function (PCF) of the IEEE 802.11 standard represents a well-known Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol providing Quality-of Service guarantees in Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs). However, with the currently employed polling mechanism WLANs consume a significant amount of the energy resources from battery-powered user devices. To provide energy saving, an improved MAC protocol is presented in this paper, where bidirectional transmissions of fixed duration are incorporated into PCF in order to enable dynamic scheduling of real-time traffic. Based on this new strategy, wireless access points (APs) can estimate the proper duration of the Contention Free Period (CFP), in order to allow mobile stations to acknowledge any received data packet with a data packet equal to the received packet in size. Having this information, a mobile station, following the data exchange with the AP, can determine its wake-up timer and activate the sleep mode for the rest of the CFP interval. Comprehensive computer-based simulations demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed MAC improvements to achieve energy efficiency with negligible impact on packet delivery delay.

/pdf/an-energy-efficient-point-coordination-function-using-3eed54zvhq.pdf

An energy-efficient point coordination function using bidirectional transmissions of fixed duration for infrastructure IEEE 802.11 WLANs

Most widespread video coding algorithms (such as MPEG, H.261, H.263) employ DCT coding for data compression but introduce annoying artefacts due mainly to the independent quantization of the coefficients in each block, that are especially visible at medium and low bitrates. Within this framework, post-processing appears to be a practical solution for visual enhancement of compressed video. In this paper, an adaptive anisotropic spatial-variant FIR filtering procedure is proposed. The filter kernels are selected on the basis of a pixel classification procedure that performs a block-DCT coefficients energy analysis and an edge extraction. The analysis of the transform coefficients matrix allows one to extract information about spatial characteristics, while the edge information provide the basis for the estimation of the position of the local visual artifact. Accurate filtering results were obtained during experiments that outperform those obtained with other existing approaches.

Fabrizio Granelli

Papers

On the Usage of WiFi and LTE for the Smart Grid

Autonomic Mobile Virtual Network Operators for Future Generation Networks

A framework for interference control in Software-Defined mobile radio networks

An energy-efficient point coordination function using bidirectional transmissions of fixed duration for infrastructure IEEE 802.11 WLANs

Low-complexity post-processing for artifact reduction in block-DCT based video coding