Biosorption-a green method for the preconcentration of rare earth elements (REEs) from waste solutions: A review

In this study, we reported a facile, one-pot, and "green" synthesis of glutathione-protected gold nanoclusters (GSH@AuNCs) initiated by samarium (Sm3+) lanthanides for the first time Sm3+ lanthanides more efficiently induced the formation of GSH@AuNCs with significantly enhanced luminescence than other lanthanides or heavy metal ions (Cd2+, Pb2+) did Using this strategy, a detection for Sm3+ was made with a linearity range of (100-1000 μM) and a limit of detection (LOD) of 05 μM The Sm3+-based GSH@AuNCs were characterized by eco-friendliness, photostability, and low-cost synthesis with low biological toxicity and had great potential in the application for biosensing and bioimaging They were successfully employed in the detection of dipicolinic acid (DPA), a well-reported biomarker for sensing potential infection by strongly hazardous anthrax spores A good linear response was obtained for DPA detection ranging from 10 to 1200 μM with a low LOD of 01 μM, which was much lower (600 times) than the infectious dosage of anthrax spores (6 × 10-5 M) The detection was due to the strong binding affinity and strong chelation capability of DPA to Sm3+ lanthanides, which caused the dissociation of the aggregates with an obvious decrease or even a turning-off effect of their luminescence

Novel Synthesis of Thiolated Gold Nanoclusters Induced by Lanthanides for Ultrasensitive and Luminescent Detection of the Potential Anthrax Spores’ Biomarker

Biological substrates have been introduced in Analytical Chemistry to encourage the development of environment-friendly methodologies. This kind of substrates offers advantages such as low cost, very simple production and biodegradability. Moreover, they are considered highly efficient materials for extraction and separation of elemental species. The current article reviews the applications of biological substrates in elemental preconcentration and speciation analysis, with emphasis in the latest analytical methodologies developed in this field. Batch and on-line microextraction techniques, based on biological substrates are presented and discussed. The applications of immobilized biological substrates are also commented in this work. Special attention is given to the novel immobilization of these substrates on nanomaterials and nanoparticles to develop solid phase extraction techniques. A comparison of methods using biological substrates in terms of analytical performance is provided. Finally, future trends, developments and challenges related to the use of biological substrates for trace metal determination are discussed.

Biological substrates: Green alternatives in trace elemental preconcentration and speciation analysis

Biosorbents have been widely used in analytical chemistry, mainly for analyte preconcentration, separation, and chemical speciation. Biosorption encompasses materials with and without biological activity, including vegetal materials (e.g., plant leaves, seeds, and fruit bagasses), algae, and microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi, and yeast) used as naturally found or after a suitable treatment or immobilization. Retention of the analyte may involve ion exchange, complex formation, or physical adsorption. Biosorbents are inexpensive, sometimes reusable or recyclable, and an alternative to the synthetic materials without hindering analytical performance. On the other hand, seasonal variability of composition and the required pretreatments can be critical drawbacks. This review critically evaluates the analytical performance of biosorbents coupled to different atomic spectrometric techniques, including batch and flow-based procedures.

Applications of biosorbents in atomic spectrometry

The increasing demand of rare earth elements and platinum group metals requires alternative approaches for their recycling from waste. Decades of fundamental laboratory research on biosorption area have emphasised that bio-based materials (biosorbents) display high and versatile potential of metal preconcentration. However, the transposition of this potential into successful practical strategies for the recovery, reuse and analysis of rare earth elements and platinum metals from real samples is still a very little addressed issue with many barriers waiting to be overcome. This review is divided into two parts. First, the biosorption of these metals from mono-component synthetic solutions is debated on the basis of biosorbents’ performances in continuous fixed bed systems. Emphasis is made on the biomass influence on the competitive biosorption of metals from multi-component laboratory solutions. The analytical properties of the biosorbents for metals quantification from simulated solutions are also commented. Second, the recycling strategies point out the possibility of zero loss of value of some secondary sources of rare earth elements and platinum group metals using biosorbents. Then we present improved procedures for trace of rare earth elements and platinum group metals determination from spiked real samples.

Biosorption the recovery and analysis of rare earth elements and platinum group metals from real samples. A review

A chelating-modified biosorbent is produced by coupling of a dye, procion red, to yeast cells. The resulting modified cells have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared, elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis and studied for preconcentration and determination of trace Sm(III). The optimum pH value for sorption of the samarium ions is 6.2. The sorption capacity of functionalized modified yeast cells is 7.2 mg g−1. Recovery was 99% when Sm(III) was eluted with an aqueous solution of 0.1 mol L−1 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Scatchard analysis suggested that binding sites were homogeneous. The equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Redlich–Peterson isotherm models, and the respective constants were determined as 1.0 (L mg−1), 2.9 [(mg g−1) (L mg−1)1/n], 2.4 × 108 (L g−1), and 30 (dm3 g−1) at 20 °C. The method was applied for an Sm(III)-containing sample of ceramic industry effluent.

Preconcentration of samarium with modified yeast cells for its determination by atomic emission spectroscopy

A fibrous adsorbent was prepared by grafting Acrylic acid /Acryl amide co-monomers onto poly(ethyleneterephthalate) fibers. The resulting sorbent has been studied for removal of trace brilliant green from aqueous solution. The optimum pH value for sorption of the brilliant green was 6. The sorption capacity of functionalized fiber is 65.5 mg g−1. Scatchard analysis revealed that the homogeneous binding sites were formed in the polymers. The equilibrium adsorption data of brilliant green on modified fiber were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Redlich–Peterson models. Based on equilibrium adsorption data, the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin constants were determined 0.032 (m3 kg-1), 4.92 (mkg kg-1) (m3 kg-1)1/n and 1.777 (L g-1) at pH 6 and 20 °C, respectively. Based on Redlich–Peterson Isotherm analysis, Langmuir isotherm best-fit the equilibrium data for adsorption of brilliant green.

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Farahnaz Zolriasatain

Papers

Preconcentration of samarium with modified yeast cells for its determination by atomic emission spectroscopy

Adsorption of brilliant green by poly (ethylene terephthalate) grafted acrylic acid /acryl amide fiber-isotherm study