Experience and Educationis the best concise statement on education ever published by John Dewey, the man acknowledged to be the pre-eminent educational theorist of the twentieth century. Written more than two decades after Democracy and Education(Dewey's most comprehensive statement of his position in educational philosophy), this book demonstrates how Dewey reformulated his ideas as a result of his intervening experience with the progressive schools and in the light of the criticisms his theories had received. Analysing both "traditional" and "progressive" education, Dr. Dewey here insists that neither the old nor the new education is adequate and that each is miseducative because neither of them applies the principles of a carefully developed philosophy of experience. Many pages of this volume illustrate Dr. Dewey's ideas for a philosophy of experience and its relation to education. He particularly urges that all teachers and educators looking for a new movement in education should think in terms of the deeped and larger issues of education rather than in terms of some divisive "ism" about education, even such an "ism" as "progressivism." His philosophy, here expressed in its most essential, most readable form, predicates an American educational system that respects all sources of experience, on that offers a true learning situation that is both historical and social, both orderly and dynamic.

经验与教育 = Experience and education

Preparing the books to read every day is enjoyable for many people. However, there are still many people who also don't like reading. This is a problem. But, when you can support others to start reading, it will be better. One of the books that can be recommended for new readers is experience and education. This book is not kind of difficult book to read. It can be read and understand by the new readers.

Experience and Education.

Les Directrius per a l'accessibilitat al contingut web tenen l'objectiu de promoure l'accessibilitat del contingut web per a persones amb discapacitats, pero tambe d'ajudar a trobar la informacio dins el web i facilitar-ne l'us a tot tipus d'usuaris. Son directrius amb principis i idees de disseny que no expliquen tecniques concretes de codi ni estan actualitzades a la darrera versio; de programari o maquinari existent. Aquestes directrius han estat publicades per la Iniciativa d'Accessibilitat al web (WAI) del Word Wide Web Consortium i es complementen amb altres directrius i documents del mateix grup. Un grup de professors de la Facultat de Biblioteconomia a la Universitat de Barcelona han realitzat la traduccio al catala

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0

Local administrations and governments aim at leveraging wireless communications and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to manage the city infrastructures and enhance the public services in an efficient and sustainable manner. Furthermore, they strive to adopt smart and cost-effective mobile applications to deal with major urbanization problems, such as natural disasters, pollution, and traffic congestion. Mobile crowdsourcing (MCS) is known as a key emerging paradigm for enabling smart cities, which integrates the wisdom of dynamic crowds with mobile devices to provide decentralized ubiquitous services and applications. Using MCS solutions, residents (i.e., mobile carriers) play the role of active workers who generate a wealth of crowdsourced data to significantly promote the development of smart cities. In this paper, we present an overview of state-of-the-art technologies and applications of MCS in smart cities. First, we provide an overview of MCS in smart cities and highlight its major characteristics. Second, we introduce the general architecture of MCS and its enabling technologies. Third, we study novel applications of MCS in smart cities. Finally, we discuss several open problems and future research challenges in the context of MCS in smart cities.

Mobile Crowdsourcing in Smart Cities: Technologies, Applications, and Future Challenges

Assessing web sites quality

During software development activities, it is important for Information and Communication Technology (ICT) practitioners to know and understand practices and guidelines regarding information privacy, as software requirements must comply with data privacy laws and members of development teams should know current legislation related to the protection of personal data. In order to gain a better understanding on how industry ICT practitioners perceive the practical relevance of software privacy and privacy requirements and how these professionals are implementing data privacy concepts, we conducted a survey with ICT practitioners from software development organizations to get an overview of how these professionals are implementing data privacy concepts during software design. We performed a systematic literature review to identify related works with software privacy and privacy requirements and what methodologies and techniques are used to specify them. In addition, we conducted a survey with ICT practitioners from different organizations. Findings revealed that ICT practitioners lack a comprehensive knowledge of software privacy and privacy requirements and the Brazilian General Data Protection Law (Lei Geral de Protecao de Dados Pessoais, LGPD, in Portuguese), nor they are able to work with the laws and guidelines governing data privacy. Organizations are demanded to define an approach to contextualize ICT practitioners with the importance of knowledge of software privacy and privacy requirements, as well as to address them during software development, since LGPD must change the way teams work, as a number of features and controls regarding consent, documentation, and privacy accountability will be required.

https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/4/429/pdf

Perceptions of ICT Practitioners Regarding Software Privacy

Background: The Java programming language version eighth introduced a number of features that encourage the functional style of programming, including the support for lambda expressions and the Stream API. Currently, there is a common wisdom that refactoring a legacy code to introduce lambda expressions, besides other potential benefits, simplifies the code and improves program comprehension. Aims: The purpose of this paper is to investigate this belief, conducting an in depth study to evaluate the effect of introducing lambda expressions on program comprehension. Method: We conduct this research using a mixed-method study. First, we quantitatively analyze 66 pairs of real code snippets, where each pair corresponds to the body of a method before and after the introduction of lambda expressions. We computed two metrics related to source code complexity (number of lines of code and cyclomatic complexity) and two metrics that estimate the readability of the source code. Second, we conduct a survey with practitioners to collect their perceptions about the benefits on program comprehension, with the introduction of lambda expressions. The practitioners evaluate a number between three and six pairs of code snippets, to answer questions about possible improvements. Results: We found contradictory results in our research. Based on the quantitative assessment, we could not find evidences that the introduction of lambda expressions improves software readability--one of the components of program comprehension. Differently, our findings of the qualitative assessment suggest that the introduction of lambda expression improves program comprehension. Implications: We argue in this paper that one can improve program comprehension when she applies particular transformations to introduce lambda expressions (e.g., replacing anonymous inner classes by lambda expressions). In addition, the opinion of the participants shine the opportunities in which a transformation for introducing lambda might be advantageous. This might support the implementation of effective tools for automatic program transformations. Finally, our results suggest that state-of-the-art models for estimating program readability are not helpful to capture the benefits of a program transformation to introduce lambda expressions.

Does the Introduction of Lambda Expressions Improve the Comprehension of Java Programs

Responding to change over following a plan is one of the Agile Manifesto's values. According to its original perspective, development teams should embrace changes due to a better understanding of the business domain or about the users' needs. This kind of change is well understood and explored by practitioners and researchers. However, the issue of how development teams embrace changes due to unexpected, severe, and atypical external events (like the ones we are facing during COVID-19) have not been fully discussed. In this paper, we present our experience in managing the expectations and changing the development methods to mitigate the risks of carrying out a research and development project (named Virtual Social Office-VSO) during a pandemic time. To this end, we report on an observational study that explains the main differences between the procedures we expected to follow before the pandemic and the procedures we are following. We also present the perceptions of both stakeholder and development teams about the impact of COVID-19 on VSO development. Although the development team quickly adapted itself to work from home, we observed some impact on the development plans. In particular, trying to reconcile the trade-offs between completeness and the tight schedule for the first release was a challenge, since we depended on different partners to collect the information that we need to make available in a mobile application (app) that corresponds to one of the VSO project outcomes. According to one stakeholder, the initial effort to design and prototype the VSO app (using the Design Thinking approach) before the start of the pandemic, has been considered essential to mitigate part of the threats that arose due to the COVID-19. We discuss part of these threats in this paper and the actions we have been taking to mitigate them. In addition, according to members of the development team, working remotely presents both challenges (e.g., adapt to a new routine, prepare a comfortable place, isolation feelings), and benefits (e.g., working hours flexibility, less distraction from co-workers).

From Dusk till Dawn: Reflections on the Impact of COVID-19 on the Development Practices of a R&D Project

In the last decade, the design of collaborative discovery learning environments (CDLE's) has received increasing attention. Such a design perspective brings up to the educational context the possibility of exploiting the so-called Model-Based Reasoning approach, by providing to learners the opportunity of collaborating while building models to represent observations. In this paper, we are concerned with the design of CDLE's in which building models instantiates as a theory formation process. Such a process is provided as a synergetic combination of both inductive and hypothetical-deductive approaches. The “moving engine” allowing a theory to evolve is the notion of contradiction: learning is supposed to occur as a side effect of contradiction detection and overcoming during theory formation by learners guided by a coordinator. Inspired in recent relevant work concerning Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) architectures, we propose an architecture to support the process of asynchronous theory formation, allowing a student both to work individually and to contribute to the group discussion. Out of the proposed architecture, we draw-up related questions that would address supporting a coordinator to guide discussions on the basis of group interaction analysis.

https://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00108799/document

Towards Interaction Modelling of Asynchronous Collaborative Model-Based Learning

Despite the evolution of the Internet in the past years, people with disabilities still encounter obstacles to accessibility that impede adequate understanding of website content Considering that Web accessibility is an added value to the website, it is important to have in place monitoring mechanisms and website accessibility controls Service level agreements (SLA) can be used for this purpose, as they establish, by means of a service catalog, measurable indicators that certify the fulfillment of preset goals This paper proposes a way to evaluate the accessibility of websites through a practical approach utilizing software measures, with the purpose of collecting data to define indicators for a service catalog of an SLA of website accessibility Initial application of the approach was conducted on Brazilian federal government websites with the participation of ten users with visual disabilities The study shows the viability of defining indicators

Fernanda Lima

Papers

Perceptions of ICT Practitioners Regarding Software Privacy

Does the Introduction of Lambda Expressions Improve the Comprehension of Java Programs

From Dusk till Dawn: Reflections on the Impact of COVID-19 on the Development Practices of a R&D Project

Towards Interaction Modelling of Asynchronous Collaborative Model-Based Learning

Evaluating the Accessibility of Websites to Define Indicators in Service Level Agreements