世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

Impatti, adattamento e vulnerabilita Le cause e le responsabilita dei cambiamenti climatici sono state trattate sul numero di ottobre della rivista Cda. Approfondiamo l’argomento presentando il documento: “Cambiamenti climatici 2007: impatti, adattamento e vulnerabilita” votato ad aprile 2007 dal secondo gruppo di lavoro del Comitato Intergovernativo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Si tratta del secondo di tre documenti che compongono il quarto rapporto sui cambiamenti climatici.

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Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.

Stakeholder participation for environmental management: A literature review

Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is a recognized threat to plant diversity in temperate and northern parts of Europe and North America. This paper assesses evidence from field experiments for N deposition effects and thresholds for terrestrial plant diversity protection across a latitudinal range of main categories of ecosystems, from arctic and boreal systems to tropical forests. Current thinking on the mechanisms of N deposition effects on plant diversity, the global distribution of G200 ecoregions, and current and future (2030) estimates of atmospheric N-deposition rates are then used to identify the risks to plant diversity in all major ecosystem types now and in the future. This synthesis paper clearly shows that N accumulation is the main driver of changes to species composition across the whole range of different ecosystem types by driving the competitive interactions that lead to composition change and/or making conditions unfavorable for some species. Other effects such as direct toxicity of nitrogen gases and aerosols, long-term negative effects of increased ammonium and ammonia availability, soil-mediated effects of acidification, and secondary stress and disturbance are more ecosystem- and site-specific and often play a supporting role. N deposition effects in mediterranean ecosystems have now been identified, leading to a first estimate of an effect threshold. Importantly, ecosystems thought of as not N limited, such as tropical and subtropical systems, may be more vulnerable in the regeneration phase, in situations where heterogeneity in N availability is reduced by atmospheric N deposition, on sandy soils, or in montane areas. Critical loads are effect thresholds for N deposition, and the critical load concept has helped European governments make progress toward reducing N loads on sensitive ecosystems. More needs to be done in Europe and North America, especially for the more sensitive ecosystem types, including several ecosystems of high conservation importance. The results of this assessment show that the vulnerable regions outside Europe and North America which have not received enough attention are ecoregions in eastern and southern Asia (China, India), an important part of the mediterranean ecoregion (California, southern Europe), and in the coming decades several subtropical and tropical parts of Latin America and Africa. Reductions in plant diversity by increased atmospheric N deposition may be more widespread than first thought, and more targeted studies are required in low background areas, especially in the G200 ecoregions.

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Global assessment of nitrogen deposition effects on terrestrial plant diversity: a synthesis.

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Remote sensing of the environment

Como parte de su compromiso de ayudar a los paises miembros en la adaptacion al cambio climatico, el BID patrocina trabajos para desarrollar y aplicar un conjunto integrado de herramientasde simulacion de cuencas conocidas como Hydro-BID. El Sistema de simulacion Hydro-BID incluye modulos de analisis hidrologico y climatico para estimar la disponibilidad (volumenes y caudales) de agua dulce a escalas regional, de cuencas y de sub-cuencas. Incluira tambien los analisis economicos y las herramientas de soporte de decisiones para estimarlos costos y beneficios de las medidas de adaptacion y ayudar a los responsables de tomar decisionesen la escogencia entre disenos alternativos de proyectos de infraestructura asi comoentre politicas de gestion de recursos hidricos.

Hydro-BID: Un sistema integrado para la simulación de impactos del cambio climático sobre los recursos hídricos

Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) has contracted DHI to conduct this study under a project called "Knowledge and Capacity Building Product". The overall objective of the project is the development of an initial portfolio of adaptation case studies allowing IADB to respond to requirements and needs of its member countries in establishing specific policies of adaptation to climate change with respect to impacts on water resources. The case studies are based on on-going IADB activities in the Latin American region and they are aiming at providing local information and analyses assisting the local water resources managers in coping with the climate change challenges but also to prepare guidelines on how to mainstream adaptation to climate change into implementation of Bank-funded projects and to recognise explicitly the impact of adaptation measures. The case study described in the present report forms part of this projects and concerns.

Climate Change Adaptation Case Study: Climate Change Impacts during Droughts on the City of Trujillo, Peru

Precipitation and groundwater evapotranspiration as hydraulic drivers of nutrient and ion accumulation in Everglades' tree islands, Florida

ID: GC51I‐0835 Geotecnica (IMAGE) and Centro Internazionale di Idrologia ‘Dino Tonini’, Universita di Padova, Padua, Italy; 4 Laboratory of Ecohydrology, Faculte ENAC, Ecole Polytechnique Federale, Lausanne, Switzerland Background • Hydrology is considered a forcing variable in shaping wetland systems however impacts of climate change remain unknown • Todd et al. (2010) showed hydrological processes can capture Everglades vegetaon communies at wide spaal and temporal scales •Mean depth and percent me inundated are principal hydrologic structuring variables •Climate change predicted to lead to changes in temperature, precipitaon and sea level Can we forecast changes in the hydrologic environment across Everglades Naonal Park under diﬀerent climate change scenarios? Objecves Methodology Everglades Depth Esmaon Network(EDEN): Integrated network that combines real me water level monitoring, ground elevaon modeling, and water surface modeling to generate water depth levels of the enre freshwater poron of the Everglades.

Fernando Miralles-Wilhelm

Papers

Hydro-BID: Un sistema integrado para la simulación de impactos del cambio climático sobre los recursos hídricos

Climate Change Adaptation Case Study: Climate Change Impacts during Droughts on the City of Trujillo, Peru

Precipitation and groundwater evapotranspiration as hydraulic drivers of nutrient and ion accumulation in Everglades' tree islands, Florida

Possible climate change impacts on the hydrological and vegetative character of Everglades National Park, Florida

Estimation of Ravine Sediment production using MIKE 11 model, in the lower Le Sueur Watershed, Minnesota