https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/2357318/2013EnergyBuildingsNguyen.pdf

Energy intelligent buildings based on user activity: A survey

The past few years have witnessed an increase in the development of wearable sensors for health monitoring systems. This increase has been due to several factors such as development in sensor technology as well as directed efforts on political and stakeholder levels to promote projects which address the need for providing new methods for care given increasing challenges with an aging population. An important aspect of study in such system is how the data is treated and processed. This paper provides a recent review of the latest methods and algorithms used to analyze data from wearable sensors used for physiological monitoring of vital signs in healthcare services. In particular, the paper outlines the more common data mining tasks that have been applied such as anomaly detection, prediction and decision making when considering in particular continuous time series measurements. Moreover, the paper further details the suitability of particular data mining and machine learning methods used to process the physiological data and provides an overview of the properties of the data sets used in experimental validation. Finally, based on this literature review, a number of key challenges have been outlined for data mining methods in health monitoring systems.

/pdf/data-mining-for-wearable-sensors-in-health-monitoring-13a1q3cm4g.pdf

Data Mining for Wearable Sensors in Health Monitoring Systems: A Review of Recent Trends and Challenges

The new era of Web and Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm is being enabled by the proliferation of various devices like RFIDs, sensors, and actuators. Smart devices (devices having significant computational capabilities, transforming them to ‘smart things’) are embedded in the environment to monitor and collect ambient information. In a city, this leads to Smart City frameworks. Intelligent services could be offered on top of such information related to any aspect of humans’ activities. A typical example of services offered in the framework of Smart Cities is IoT-enabled waste management. Waste management involves not only the collection of the waste in the field but also the transport and disposal to the appropriate locations. In this paper, we present a comprehensive and thorough survey of ICT-enabled waste management models. Specifically, we focus on the adoption of smart devices as a key enabling technology in contemporary waste management. We report on the strengths and weaknesses of various models to reveal their characteristics. This survey sets up the basis for delivering new models in the domain as it reveals the needs for defining novel frameworks for waste management.

Challenges and Opportunities of Waste Management in IoT-Enabled Smart Cities: A Survey

Low-power wide area (LPWA) technologies are strongly recommended as the underlying networks for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. They offer attractive features, including wide-range coverage, long battery life, and low data rates. This paper reviews the current trends in this technology, with an emphasis on the services it provides and the challenges it faces. The industrial paradigms for LPWA implementation are presented. Compared with other work in the field, this paper focuses on the need for integration among different LPWA technologies and recommends the appropriate LPWA solutions for a wide range of IoT application and service use cases. Opportunities created by these technologies in the market are also analyzed. The latest research efforts to investigate and improve the operation of LPWA networks are also compared and classified to enable researchers to quickly get up to speed on the current status of this technology. Finally, challenges facing LPWA are identified and directions for future research are recommended.

Low Power Wide Area Networks: A Survey of Enabling Technologies, Applications and Interoperability Needs

IEEE 802.15.4 is the de facto standard for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) that outlines the specifications of the PHY layer and MAC sub-layer in these networks. The MAC protocol is needed to orchestrate sensor nodes access to the wireless communication medium. Although distinguished by a set of strengths that contributed to its popularity in various WSNs, IEEE 802.15.4 MAC suffers from several limitations that play a role in deteriorating its performance. Also, from a practical perspective, 80.15.4-based networks are usually deployed in the vicinity of other wireless networks that operate in the same ISM band. This means that 802.15.4 MAC should be ready to cope with interference from other networks. These facts have motivated efforts to devise improved IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocols for WSNs. In this paper we provide a survey for these protocols and highlight the methodologies they follow to enhance the performance of the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol.

A Survey of Beacon-Enabled IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

The task of routing data from a source to the sink is a critical issue in ad hoc and wireless sensor networks. In this paper, the use of fuzzy logic to perform role assignment during route establishment and maintenance is proposed. An incremental approach is presented and compared with similar existing routing protocols. Efficient routing approaches provide network load balance to extend network lifetime, efficiency improvements, and data loss avoidance. Experiments show promising results for our proposals and its suitability for operating with dense networks, obtaining quick route creation as well as energy efficiency.

Fuzzy-logic based routing for dense wireless sensor networks

We consider reliable communications in Body Area Networks (BAN), where a set of nodes placed on human body are connected using wireless links. In order to keep the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) as low as possible for health safety reasons, these networks operate in low transmit power regime, which however, is known to be error prone. It has been observed that the fluctuations of the Received Signal Strength (RSS) at the nodes of a BAN on a moving person show certain regularities and that the magnitude of these fluctuations are significant (5 -- 20 dB). In this paper, we present BANMAC, a MAC protocol that monitors and predicts the channel fluctuations and schedules transmissions opportunistically when the RSS is likely to be higher. The MAC protocol is capable of providing differentiated service and resolves co-channel interference in the event of multiple co-located BANs in a vicinity. We report the design and implementation details of BANMAC integrated with the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol stack. We present experimental data which show that the packet loss rate (PLR) of BANMAC is significantly lower as compared to that of the IEEE~802.15.4 MAC. For comparable PLR, the power consumption of BANMAC is also significantly lower than that of the IEEE~802.15.4. For co-located networks, the convergence time to find a conflict-free channel allocation was approximately 1 s for the centralized coordination mechanism and was approximately 4 s for the distributed coordination mechanism.

http://www.cister.isep.ipp.pt/docs/banmac__an_opportunistic_mac_protocol_for_reliable_communications_in_body_area_networks/693/view.pdf

BANMAC: An Opportunistic MAC Protocol for Reliable Communications in Body Area Networks

ZigBee in conjunction with IEEE 802.15.4 is considered the de facto standard for WSNs. The routing protocol for ZigBee mesh networks is AODV, an on-demand routing protocol which has been extensively used. However, it presents critical problems when it is used in large dense networks, mainly related to the high number of messages necessary to perform routing tasks, which causes a very high overhead. The high number of packet collisions, data loss, and its implicit energy expenditure, makes AODV unsuitable for certain applications that require efficient, fast and reliable communications. This study proposes the use of a novel fuzzy-logic-based metric to be used in the decision making process of AODV. This metric evaluates important node features during route creation and selects, hop by hop, the best option in order to obtain energy and delay efficient routes. The experiments with the improved AODV, AODV-FL show a reduction in the communication delay, number of packets and overhead, improving route efficiency and reducing packet overload.

Intelligent route discovery for ZigBee mesh networks

The concept of Smart Cities has recently attracted considerable attention. The basic idea about making a city as smart is to use communication technology to optimize a city's resource consumption. There are interesting research opportunities oriented to innovative applications and services based on Future Internet. Networked interaction will be a priority where people will be interacting which each other as well as with information. On the other hand, Smart City research explores the space problem through applications pilots and experimental platforms. For this reason, we propose a new testbed to perform experiments oriented to Smart Cities communications, integrating body area networks with wireless sensor networks. We have improved our first implementation to obtain a platform to emulate real communication possibilities in Smart Cities. We describe the main components of our testbed and we show an experimental example confirming that we are ready to participate in the Smart Cities evolution.

An experimental testbed for smart cities applications

The development and deployment of robust and highly populated Wireless Sensor Networks require addressing a wide variety of challenges. Among them, the synchronization and energy management of the nodes composing the network have been identified as two of the main challenges to be addressed. In this paper, we follow a cross-layer approach by defining a synchronous engine built across the radio and MAC and network layers. The design of our proposal has been based on the results of our previous research efforts dealing with various experimental platforms and experimental trials.

Fernando Royo

Papers

Fuzzy-logic based routing for dense wireless sensor networks

BANMAC: An Opportunistic MAC Protocol for Reliable Communications in Body Area Networks

Intelligent route discovery for ZigBee mesh networks

An experimental testbed for smart cities applications

A synchronous engine for wireless sensor networks