Multifaceted Concept of Child Well-Being

We propose a new paradigm with three historical stages for an optimal parenting style (i.e., indulgent parenting style), which extends the traditional paradigm of only two stages (i.e., authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles). The three stages concur, at the same time, in different environments, context, and cultures. We studied the third stage for optimal parent-child relationships through the offspring's personal and social well-being, with four adolescent samples from 11 to 19 years old (52.2% girls) from Spain (n = 689), the United States (n = 488), Germany (n = 606), and Brazil (n = 672). The offspring's personal well-being was measured through self-esteem (academic, social, emotional, family, and physical), while social well-being was measured with the internalization of self-transcendence (universalism and benevolence) and conservation values (security, conformity, and tradition). The parent-child parenting style was measured through parental warmth and strictness, and the adolescents' parents were classified into one of four groups (indulgent, authoritarian, authoritative, and neglectful). Remarkably, the greatest personal well-being was found for adolescents raised with higher parental warmth and lower parental strictness (i.e., indulgent), and the greatest social well-being was found for adolescents raised with higher parental warmth (i.e., indulgent and authoritative; p < 0.05 for all countries). Consistently, poorer personal well-being and social well-being were associated with less parental warmth (i.e., authoritarian and neglectful). Findings suggest that the parent-child relationships analyzed have a common pattern associated with personal and social well-being that coincide with a proposed third stage.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/13/2333/pdf

A Third Emerging Stage for the Current Digital Society? Optimal Parenting Styles in Spain, the United States, Germany, and Brazil.

Contribuyendo al actual debate de la literatura acerca del estilo educativo parental optimo para el mejor ajuste psicosocial de los hijos, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar que estilo se relaciona con el mejor ajuste psicologico de los adolescentes espanoles. Participaron en el estudio 772 adolescentes, 358 hombres (46.4%) y 414 mujeres (53.6%), entre 12 y 17 anos ( M = 14.95, DT = 1.59). Se clasifico a las familias segun su estilo de actuacion (autorizativo, indulgente, autoritario o negligente). Como criterios se evaluaron autoconcepto y desajuste psicologico en sus medidas multidimensionales. Los resultados muestran que el estilo indulgente, basado fundamentalmente en el afecto y no en la imposicion parental, se relaciona con los mejores resultados en los criterios evaluados. Se destaca, por tanto, la importancia de la implicacion afectiva de los padres en la socializacion de sus hijos para el adecuado ajuste psicologico y emocional de los adolescentes espanoles.

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Los estilos parentales de socialización y el ajuste psicológico. Un estudio con adolescentes españoles

This study examines the correlates of authoritative (warmth and strictness), indulgent (warmth but not strictness), authoritarian (strictness but not warmth), and neglectful (neither warmth nor strictness) parenting with short- and long-term socialization outcomes in adolescents and adults, with and without poor school performance during adolescence. Short- and long-term socialization outcomes were captured by multidimensional self-esteem (academic/professional, emotional, and family), psychological maturity (self-competence, social competence, and empathy), and emotional maladjustment (nervousness, emotional instability, and hostility). Participants (1195 female and 874 male) consisted of a community sample of adolescents (n = 602), young adults (n = 610), middle-aged adults (n = 469) and older adults (n = 388). Design was a 4 × 3 × 2 × 4 MANOVA (parenting style × school performance × sex × age). Results indicated that the relationship between parenting styles and children’s socialization outcomes does not vary as a function of school performance. The link between parenting styles and socialization outcomes shares a common short- and long- term pattern in adolescents and adults: Indulgent parenting was related to equal or even better socialization outcomes than authoritative parenting, whereas authoritarian and neglectful styles were associated with the worst socialization outcomes.

Raising Children with Poor School Performance: Parenting Styles and Short- and Long-Term Consequences for Adolescent and Adult Development

In the transactional model of stress, coping responses are the key to preventing the stress response. In this study, the possible role of psychological well-being as a personal determinant of coping strategies in the academic context was analyzed. Specifically, the study has two objectives: (a) to identify different profiles of students according to their level of psychological well-being; and (b) to analyze the differences between these profiles in the use of three coping strategies (positive reappraisal, support-seeking, and planning). Age, gender, and degree were estimated as covariables. A total of 1,072 university students participated in the study. Latent profile analysis was applied to four indices of psychological well-being: self-acceptance, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and personal growth. An optimal four-profile solution, reflecting significant incremental shifts from low to very high psychological well-being, was obtained. As predicted, the profile membership distinguished between participants in positive reappraisal, support-seeking, and planning. Importantly, the higher the profile of psychological well-being was, the higher the use of the three coping strategies. Gender differences in coping strategies were observed, but no interaction effects with psychological well-being were found. Age and degree were not relevant in explaining the use of coping strategies. These results suggest that psychological well-being stands as an important personal resource to favor adaptive coping strategies for academic stress.

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Profiles of Psychological Well-being and Coping Strategies among University Students.

Psychometric analysis of the AF5 multidimensional scale of self-concept in a sample of adolescents and adults in Catalonia. The aim of this study is to carry out a psychometric study of the AF5 scale in a sample of 4.825 Catalan subjects from 11 to 63 years-old. They are students from secondary compulsory education (ESO), from high school, middle-level vocational training (CFGM) and from the university. Using a principal component analysis (PCA) the theoretical validity of the components is established and the reliability of the instrument is also analyzed. Differential analyses are performed by gender and normative group using a 2x6 factorial design. The normative group variable includes the different levels classified into 6 sub-groups: university, post-compulsory secondary education (high school and CFGM), 4th of ESO, 3rd of ESO, 2nd of ESO and 1st of ESO. The results indicate that the reliability of the Catalan version of the scale is similar to the original scale. The factorial structure also fits with the original model established beforehand. Significant differences by normative group in the four components of self-concept explored (social, family, academic/occupational and physical) are observed. By gender, significant differences appear in the component of physical self-concept, academic and social but not in the family component.

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Análisis psicométrico de la escala multidimensional de autoconcepto AF5 en una muestra de adolescentes y adultos de Cataluña

Title: Coping strategies and styles and their relationship to personal well- being in a sample of adolescents. Abstract: Several studies have linked coping with personal wellbeing. However, there is no research evidence analyzing this relationship in the Spanish population using Cummins' model (1997). The aim of this study was to know the level of personal wellbeing of a sample of adolescents and to analyze the relationship between coping strategies and styles and per- sonal well-being. With that purpose in mind, the Personal Well Being In- dex (PWI) and the Adolescent Coping Scale (ACS) have been administered to a sample of 656 adolescents aged between 11 and 17. The results allow identifying the effect of age and gender on personal wellbeing. Those cop- ing strategies centered on focusing on the positive, physical recreation, working hard and achieving are associated to higher personal wellbeing while self-blaming and keeping to self are with lower personal wellbeing.

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Los estilos y estrategias de afrontamiento y su relación con el bienestar personal en una muestra de adolescentes

Educational system and equal opportunities for young people in care: Recent studies in the UK. Publications on research about formal educational itineraries of people who were cared for by the social protection public systems when they were children are scarce, and restricted to a few countries. In recent years, statistics from some European countries have been published, showing that the young people who were cared for are overrepresented in practically all the clusters of people that accumulate indicators of social disadvantage, and it has therefore been argued that they can be considered one of the groups of population with the highest risk for social exclusion. In the present review, the emergence of new data and research results in some European countries —particularly in the United Kingdom, where the fact that less than 5% of this population reaches university studies has been underlined— is tentatively contextualised. Although the extent to which current available data can be extrapolated to other contexts and countries is yet unclear, such results raise important challenges for social intervention and social policies, as well as for psychosocial research, in all countries of the European space.

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Sistema educativo e igualdad de oportunidades entre los jóvenes tutelados: estudios recientes en el Reino Unido

?Cual es el nivel educativo de los jovenes que han pasado por el sistema de proteccion social a la infancia? En la mayoria de los paises no se puede contestar esta pregunta. No existen datos sistematicos ni estadisticos oficiales, exceptuando el Reino Unido. En el presente articulo se realiza una revision de la literatura cientifica espanola a traves de estudios y programas que aportan datos indirectos o directos sobre la escolarizacion y el nivel formativo de los jovenes de poblacion general en contraste con los del sistema de proteccion. Algunos de estos trabajos nos indican que estos jovenes tienen un nivel educativo bajo y un abandono escolar prematuro muy acentuado comparado con la poblacion general, siendo ambos factores frecuentemente citados como de riesgo a la exclusion social. La invisibilidad estadistica en la que se encuentra el colectivo de ninos y ninas tutelados y mas concretamente la referida a su educacion, viene acompanada de una escasez de investigacion y de programas orientados a la inclusion de estos jovenes en los distintos niveles de educacion. Esta revision persigue abrir un debate hoy por hoy poco implantado pero necesario. ABSTRACT What is the educational level of young people leaving care? In most countries we can not answer this question. There are no systematic or official statistical data, except in the case of the United Kingdom in the recent years. In this article we do a review of Spanish literature through studies and programs that provide direct or indirect data on the education and training level of young people in general population in contrast to children in care or young people leaving care. Some of these studies indicate that children in care have a low educational level and an early school leaving in compared with the general population, two factors often cited as risk to social exclusion. The statistical invisibility related to young people leaving care and specifically referring to his education, is accompanied by a shortage of research and programs focusing on the inclusion of young people in various levels of education. This review aims to open now a necessary debate.

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Educación y jóvenes ex-tutelados: revisión de la literatura científica española

espanolAntecedentes: estudiar el bienestar subjetivo (BS) de los ninos del sistema de proteccion va adquiriendo relevancia. Hay poca informacion sobre el BS de los que estan acogidos en familia extensa. El objetivo fue analizar y comparar el BS de los que viven en familia extensa con los de acogimiento residencial y la poblacion general teniendo en cuenta el genero. Metodo: se administro el cuestionario de la Encuesta internacional de bienestar infantil (ISCWeB) que incluye dos escalas psicometricas (OLS y PWI-SC). Resultados: existen diferencias en las puntuaciones de BS (usando PWI-SC) y en sus componentes entre los tres grupos: los que estan acogidos en familia extensa fueron mas similares a los de poblacion general. El PWI-SC mostro buenos estadisticos de ajuste con la muestra agregada y buena comparabilidad en el Multi-grupo MEE con cargas y constantes restringidas, lo que permite comparar correlaciones, regresiones y puntuaciones medias de los items. El genero tiene efectos estadisticamente signifi cativos en la escala OLS, mostrando puntuaciones mas bajas para las ninas en centros residenciales. Conclusiones: apoyar el acogimiento en familia extensa apropiadamente y tener en cuenta las cuestiones de genero son desafios a los que se enfrentan las politicas publicas de proteccion a la infancia EnglishBackground: Studying the subjective well-being (SWB) of children in out-of-home care is becoming important. However, there is a lack of results on the subjective well-being of children in kinship care. The aim of this study was to analyse and compare the subjective well-being of children at the age of 12 years old in kinship and residential care and in the general population, taking into account gender differences. Method: We administered the questionnaire used in the International Survey of Children’s Well-Being (ISCWeB) including two psychometric scales (OLS and PWI-SC). Results: The results showed differences in overall SWB scores (using PWI-SC as a SWB indicator) and in its components among the three groups: children in kinship care scores were more similar to those from the general population. The PWI-SC displayed good fi t statistics with the pooled sample and good comparability with the Multigroup SEM with constrained loadings and intercepts, suggesting it was acceptable for comparing correlation, regressions and mean scores of the items. Gender appeared to have statistically signifi cant effects on the OLS scale, showing lower scores for girls in residential care. Conclusions: Supporting kinship appropriately and taking into account gender issues are the challenges facing public policies for children in care.

Ferrán Casas Aznar

Papers

Análisis psicométrico de la escala multidimensional de autoconcepto AF5 en una muestra de adolescentes y adultos de Cataluña

Los estilos y estrategias de afrontamiento y su relación con el bienestar personal en una muestra de adolescentes

Sistema educativo e igualdad de oportunidades entre los jóvenes tutelados: estudios recientes en el Reino Unido

Educación y jóvenes ex-tutelados: revisión de la literatura científica española

The subjective well-being of children in kinship care