ABI
: ankle–brachial index
ACCORD
: Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes
ADVANCE
: Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation
AGREE
: Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation
AHA
: American Heart Association
apoA1
: apolipoprotein A1
apoB
: apolipoprotein B
CABG
: coronary artery bypass graft surgery
CARDS
: Collaborative AtoRvastatin Diabetes Study
CCNAP
: Council on Cardiovascular Nursing and Allied Professions
CHARISMA
: Clopidogrel for High Athero-thrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilisation, Management, and Avoidance
CHD
: coronary heart disease
CKD
: chronic kidney disease
COMMIT
: Clopidogrel and Metoprolol in Myocardial Infarction Trial
CRP
: C-reactive protein
CURE
: Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events
CVD
: cardiovascular disease
DALYs
: disability-adjusted life years
DBP
: diastolic blood pressure
DCCT
: Diabetes Control and Complications Trial
ED
: erectile dysfunction
eGFR
: estimated glomerular filtration rate
EHN
: European Heart Network
EPIC
: European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
EUROASPIRE
: European Action on Secondary and Primary Prevention through Intervention to Reduce Events
GFR
: glomerular filtration rate
GOSPEL
: Global Secondary Prevention Strategies to Limit Event Recurrence After MI
GRADE
: Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation
HbA1c
: glycated haemoglobin
HDL
: high-density lipoprotein
HF-ACTION
: Heart Failure and A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise TraiNing
HOT
: Hypertension Optimal Treatment Study
HPS
: Heart Protection Study
HR
: hazard ratio
hsCRP
: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
HYVET
: Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial
ICD
: International Classification of Diseases
IMT
: intima-media thickness
INVEST
: International Verapamil SR/Trandolapril
JTF
: Joint Task Force
LDL
: low-density lipoprotein
Lp(a)
: lipoprotein(a)
LpPLA2
: lipoprotein-associated phospholipase 2
LVH
: left ventricular hypertrophy
MATCH
: Management of Atherothrombosis with Clopidogrel in High-risk Patients with Recent Transient Ischaemic Attack or Ischaemic Stroke
MDRD
: Modification of Diet in Renal Disease
MET
: metabolic equivalent
MONICA
: Multinational MONItoring of trends and determinants in CArdiovascular disease
NICE
: National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence
NRT
: nicotine replacement therapy
NSTEMI
: non-ST elevation myocardial infarction
ONTARGET
: Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial
OSA
: obstructive sleep apnoea
PAD
: peripheral artery disease
PCI
: percutaneous coronary intervention
PROactive
: Prospective Pioglitazone Clinical Trial in Macrovascular Events
PWV
: pulse wave velocity
QOF
: Quality and Outcomes Framework
RCT
: randomized clinical trial
RR
: relative risk
SBP
: systolic blood pressure
SCORE
: Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation Project
SEARCH
: Study of the Effectiveness of Additional Reductions in Cholesterol and
SHEP
: Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program
STEMI
: ST-elevation myocardial infarction
SU.FOL.OM3
: SUpplementation with FOlate, vitamin B6 and B12 and/or OMega-3 fatty acids
Syst-Eur
: Systolic Hypertension in Europe
TNT
: Treating to New Targets
UKPDS
: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study
VADT
: Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial
VALUE
: Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-term Use
VITATOPS
: VITAmins TO Prevent Stroke
VLDL
: very low-density lipoprotein
WHO
: World Health Organization

### 1.1 Introduction

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a chronic disorder developing insidiously throughout life and usually progressing to an advanced stage by the time symptoms occur. It remains the major cause of premature death in Europe, even though CVD mortality has …

/pdf/european-guidelines-on-cardiovascular-disease-prevention-in-4z4nw4311i.pdf

European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Version 2012)

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.2307%2F3343168.pdf

Development as Freedom

Well-being : the foundations of hedonic psychology

ABI
: ankle–brachial (blood pressure) index
ABPM
: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
ACCORD
: Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes
ACE-I
: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
ACS
: acute coronary syndromes
ADVANCE
: Action in Diabetes and Vascular disease: PreterAx

2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice

Offering a unifying theoretical perspective not readily available in any other text, this innovative guide to econometrics uses simple geometrical arguments to develop students' intuitive understanding of basic and advanced topics, emphasizing throughout the practical applications of modern theory and nonlinear techniques of estimation. One theme of the text is the use of artificial regressions for estimation, reference, and specification testing of nonlinear models, including diagnostic tests for parameter constancy, serial correlation, heteroscedasticity, and other types of mis-specification. Explaining how estimates can be obtained and tests can be carried out, the authors go beyond a mere algebraic description to one that can be easily translated into the commands of a standard econometric software package. Covering an unprecedented range of problems with a consistent emphasis on those that arise in applied work, this accessible and coherent guide to the most vital topics in econometrics today is indispensable for advanced students of econometrics and students of statistics interested in regression and related topics. It will also suit practising econometricians who want to update their skills. Flexibly designed to accommodate a variety of course levels, it offers both complete coverage of the basic material and separate chapters on areas of specialized interest.

Estimation and Inference in Econometrics

Background: There have been no large-scale international comparisons on bullying and health among adolescents. This study examined the association between bullying and physical and psychological symptoms among adolescents in 28 countries. Methods: This international cross-sectional survey included 123,227 students 11, 13 and 15 years of age from a nationally representative sample of schools in 28 countries in Europe and North America in 1997–98.The main outcome measures were physical and psychological symptoms. Results: The proportion of students being bullied varied enormously across countries. The lowest prevalence was observed among girls in Sweden (6.3%, 95% CI: 5.2–7.4), the highest among boys in Lithuania (41.4%, 95% CI 39.4–43.5). The risk of high symptom load increased with increasing exposure to bullying in all countries. In pooled analyses, with sex stratified multilevel logistic models adjusted for age, family affluence and country the odds ratios for symptoms among students who were bullied weekly ranged from 1.83 (95% CI 1.70–1.97) to 2.11 (95% CI 1.95–2.29) for physical symptoms (headache, stomach ache, backache, dizziness) and from 1.67 (95% CI 1.55–1.78) to 7.47 (95% CI 6.87–8.13) for psychological symptoms (bad temper, feeling nervous, feeling low, difficulties in getting to sleep, morning tiredness, feeling left out, loneliness, helplessness). Conclusion: There was a consistent, strong and graded association between bullying and each of 12 physical and psychological symptoms among adolescents in all 28 countries.

/pdf/bullying-and-symptoms-among-school-aged-children-47mqj657km.pdf

Bullying and symptoms among school-aged children: international comparative cross sectional study in 28 countries

Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measured on population level may be useful to guide policies for health. This study aims to describe the HRQoL; in EQ-5D dimensions, mean rating scale (RS) scores and mean EQ-5D index values, in the general population, by certain disease and socio-economic groups, in Stockholm County 1998. The EQ-5D self-classifier and a RS were included in the 1998 cross-sectional postal Stockholm County public health survey to a representative sample (n = 4950, 20-88 years), 63% response rate. Mean RS score ranged from 0.90 (20-29 years) to 0.69 (80-88 years), mean EQ-5D index value ranged from 0.89 (20-29 years) to 0.74 (80-88 years). For different diseases mean RS scores ranged from 0.80 (asthma) to 0.69 (angina pectoris), mean EQ-5D index values ranged from 0.79 (asthma) to 0.66 (low back pain). The mean health state scores (RS and EQ-5D index) were 0.06 lower in the unskilled manual group than in the higher non-manual group after controlling for age and sex (p < 0.0001). This difference was 0.03 after controlling also for different diseases (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, our results show that the HRQoL varies greatly between socio-economic and disease groups. Furthermore, after controlling for age, sex and disease, HRQoL is lower in manual than in non-manual groups.

Swedish population health-related quality of life results using the EQ-5D.

Foreword PART I: ESTABLISHING VALUES 1. Challenging Health Inequities: An Introduction 2. The Social Basis of Disparities in Health 3. Ethical Dimensions of Health Equity 4. Health Equity in a Globalizing World PART II: ASSESSING AND ANALYZING THE HEALTH DIVIDE Introduction to Part II 5. Measuring Disparities in Health: Methods and Indicators 6. The Fundamental Challenges of Measurement and Perceptions in Health Equity 7. China: Increasing Health Gaps in a Transitional Economy 8. Japan: Historical and Current Dimensions of Health and Health Equity 9. United States: Social Inequality and the Burden of Poor Health 10. Chile: Socioeconomic Differentials and Mortality in Middle-Income Nations 11. Russia: Socioeconomic Dimensions of the Gender Gap in Mortality 12. Tanzania: Gaining Insights into Adolescent Lives and Livelihoods PART III: TACKLING ROOT CAUSES Introduction to Part III 13. Gender, Health, and Equity: The Intersections 14. South Africa: Addressing the Legacy of Apartheid 15. Kenya: Uncovering the Social Determinants of Road Traffic Accidents 16. Bangladesh: An Intervention Study of Factors Underlying Increasing Equity in Child Survival 17. Sweden and Britain: The Impact of Policy Context on Inequities in Health PART IV: BUILDING EFFICIENT, EQUITABLE HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS Introduction to the Issues 18. Health Care Financing: Assessing its Relationship to Health Equity 19. Mexico: Marginality, Need, and Resource Allocation at the County Level 20. Vietnam: Efficient, Equity-Oriented Financial Strategies for Health PART V: CONCLUSION 21. Developing the Policy Response to Inequities in Health: A Global Perspective

Challenging inequities in health: from ethics to action.

The Social Basis of Disparities in Health

Background. The purpose of this study was to analyse misclassification of height, weight and body mass index (BMI), derived from mail questionnaires, and its dependency on socioeconomic factors. Methods. A random sample of 4442 adults aged 18-84 years, living in Stockholm county, Sweden, were in 1984-1985 asked about their height and weight. A few months later 3208 of these adults participated in a health examination that included measures of height and weight. In this study we have used occupational class as the socioeconomic indicator. We have used sensitivity as a measure of misclassification of height, weight and BMI. Results. The difference in mean measured height between socioeconomic groups I and III was 2.7 cm for men and 2.0 cm for women. The mean difference in measured height between socioeconomic groups I and III was higher for men than for women in all age groups. The mean difference between self-reported and measured height was 0.6 cm for men and 0.79 cm for women. For weight, the corresponding difference was -0.74 kg for men and -1.64 kg for women. Women's BMI was more underestimated than men's (-0.85 for women, -0.40 for men). When using self-reported height and weight for calculating BMI, 81% of the men and 78% of the women were classified correctly, but only 61% of the obese men and 55% of the obese women were identified. The BMI was underestimated in all socioeconomic groups. Manual workers had a lower proportion of underweight, compared to professionals and intermediate non-manual workers, while the objective measure showed the inverse relationship. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in men was 42% higher in socioeconomic group III compared with group I with self-reported data compared with 28% when measured. Underestimation of BMI was highest among women, the obese, the elderly, and male non-manual workers and female manual workers. Conclusions. Our study shows that socioeconomic differences in height, when using self-reported information, involve an underestimation. This means that the height differences between socioeconomic groups in Sweden may actually be higher than that reported by individuals in surveys. The socioeconomic differences in underweight tend to be underestimated for men, as well as obesity for women, when using self-reported information. The socioeconomic differences in overweight and obesity are shown to be overestimated for men.

Finn Diderichsen

Papers

Bullying and symptoms among school-aged children: international comparative cross sectional study in 28 countries

Swedish population health-related quality of life results using the EQ-5D.

Challenging inequities in health: from ethics to action.

The Social Basis of Disparities in Health

Socioeconomic differentials in misclassification of height, weight and body mass index based on questionnaire data.