Symposium Review: 25th Anniversary of Moral Boundaries by Joan Tronto

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Trust and the development of health care as a social institution

Research on welfare states and inequality has tended to be bifurcated, focusing either on class or on gender This paper combines gender and class in an analysis of patterns of inequalities in different types of welfare states in 18 countries Whereas a major dimension of class inequality can be described in terms of material standards of living, in the advanced Western countries it is fruitful to conceptualize gender inequality in terms of agency In analyses of gender as well as of class inequalities, welfare states have been seen as significant intervening variables However, major problems have emerged in attempts to devise typologies of welfare states that are of heuristic value in analyses of gender inequality as well as of class inequality This paper describes the development of gendered agency inequality during the period after the Second World War in 18 OECD countries in the arenas of democratic politics, tertiary education, and labor force participation Class inequality is measured in terms of disposable house income based on LIS data The paper develops a new typology of welfare states based on institutional structures of relevance for gender inequality as well as class inequality The combination of gender and class throws new light on the driving forces behind inequalities and on the role of welfare states in this context Gender inequality is conceptualized in terms of agency The paper presents a new typology of welfare states based on institutional structures of relevance for gender inequality as well as class inequality The combination of gender and class throws new light on the driving forces behind inequalities and on the role of welfare states in this context

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Faces of Inequality: Gender, Class, and Patterns of Inequalities in Different Types of Welfare States

Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care

Gender relations—embodied in the sexual division of labor, compulsory heterosexuality, gendered forms of citizenship and political participation, ideologies of masculinity and femininity, and the like—profoundly shape the character of welfare states. Likewise, the institutions of social provision—the set of social assistance and social insurance programs and universal citizenship entitlements to which we refer as “the welfare state” —affect gender relations. Until recently, two broad approaches to gender relations and welfare states predominated: one which saw states contributing to the social reproduction of gender hierarchies, and a second which saw states having an ameliorative impact on gender inequality. More recently, two new strands of research have emerged emphasizing the variation in the effects of social policies on gender.

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Gender in the Welfare State

This summer the government accepted the report of the Manpower Services Commission’s Task Group, made up of representatives from CBI, TUC, local authorities, college principles and youth groups, to set up the Youth Training Scheme (YTS). This scheme will become fully operational by September 1983, offering some 300,000 places for 16-19 year olds with a budge of £950 million. Already, many pilot schemes have started in Further Education (FE) colleges. YTS seeks to improve on YOP which, after 3~ years, had expanded to the point of collapse, but had also in the minds of young people and the trade union movement become synonymous with slave labour. In effect the new scheme works on the same fundamental principles as YOP, but posing, this time, as a training programme. YTS offers an integrated programme of work experience, training and relevant education with induction, counselling and assessment through profiling. Part of the reason the new scheme has found acceptance eg NATFHE, whose members are amongst those most affected by the scheme, ’welcomed’ the report of the Task Group(’) is that the original White Paper, New Training Initiatives (NTI), produced by the government in December 1981, included proposals which threatened to withdraw benefits from non-participants, and offered an insulting £15 per week. The Task Group insisted the scheme should be voluntary and that the benefit should be £28. Public debate over the government’s proposals, then, has centred around these two

The Manpower Services Commission and the Youth Training Scheme: Taking up the gauntlet

The effect of contemporary globalization is to produce new forms of transnational process and to reconstitute older connections. The five articles in this issue focus on the way gender is inscribed in these processes. They speak to the transnational movement of people as workers and family members; of transnational political discourses (especially in the meanings of gender equality), policies, and ideologies; of transnational markets and medicine, social actors, networking and rights talk; and of national and transnational governmentality in the construction of otherness. For any Social Politics reader researching or taking or teaching courses on transnationality and gender, the different perspectives, analyses, and empirical detail in this issue provide an excellent basis for stimulating discussion. The first two articles are based on policies and debates in Norway but their relevance extends beyond Norway. The issue they both analyze is how a social democratic state with commitments to universal welfare rights and gender equality approaches migration and multiculturalism and their associated policies. In the first article, Muslim Women and Foreign Prostitutes: Victim Discourse,

Introduction: Transnationality and Gender: Power, Policy, and Otherness

Im Mittelpunkt unseres Beitrages steht ein Phanomen, das den Ubergang vom Ernahrermodell zum „adult worker model“ zu begleiten scheint: die steigende Zahl von im Haushalt beschaftigten Personen, die dort die Betreuungsarbeit ubernehmen. Uns interessiert, inwieweit die Migration von Frauen zu diesem Phanomen beigetragen hat bzw. beitragt. In dem Mase, wie die neue wohlfahrtsstaatliche Norm von allen erwerbsfahigen Erwachsenen, Frauen wie Mannern, erwartet, dass sie auch erwerbstatig sind, hat sich das Problem der Vereinbarkeit von Berufs- und Familienpflichten verscharft, und zwar vor allem fur Frauen, die nun die verschiedensten Betreuungsaufgaben (Haushalt, Kind, Betreuung alterer Angehoriger) and die Erwerbsarbeit unter einen Hut bringen mussen (vgl. Lewis in diesem Band). Einige, vor allem besser verdienende Frauen (und Manner) losen das Vereinbarkeitsproblem durch die Beschaftigung von Haushaltshilfen.

Eine neue Variante des Herr-Knecht-Verhältnisses? Überlegungen zum Zusammenspiel von Geschlechterverhältnis, Familienarbeit und Migration

Cet article analyse la construction de la citoyennete dans le contexte de l'Union europeenne a partir d'une lutte menee par les « Femmes noires et immigrees » selon le nom qu'elles donnent a leur groupe, pour l'obtention des droits civils, politiques et sociaux. Il se propose de montrer comment cette lutte met en lumiere les limites des discours europeens sur la citoyennete.

Genre, ethnicité, race et migrations : ou les défis de la citoyenneté en Europe

This article acknowledges the important contribution that Gurminder Bhambra's article makes by using her concept of the imperial relations of extraction as a springboard to revisit the development of domestic social policies in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The paper analyses this development in terms of the intersecting relations of extraction, exploitation, expropriation, and expulsion which mark a continuing domestic colonialism in welfare settlements since the early twentieth century. This is illustrated with reference to three 'moments' of welfare settlement-social imperialism of the early decades of the twentieth century, the post-war settlement, and austerity welfare. The analysis also exemplifies how these relations reproduced forms of white privilege to social rights and norms while also drawing other marginalized welfare subjects into their practices and rhetorics of subordination.

Extraction, exploitation, expropriation and expulsion in the domestic colonial relations of the British welfare state in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.

Fiona Williams

Papers

The Manpower Services Commission and the Youth Training Scheme: Taking up the gauntlet

Introduction: Transnationality and Gender: Power, Policy, and Otherness

Eine neue Variante des Herr-Knecht-Verhältnisses? Überlegungen zum Zusammenspiel von Geschlechterverhältnis, Familienarbeit und Migration

Genre, ethnicité, race et migrations : ou les défis de la citoyenneté en Europe

Extraction, exploitation, expropriation and expulsion in the domestic colonial relations of the British welfare state in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.