Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

Over the past decade, the most significant, conceptual advances in the field of fluorination were enabled most prominently by organo- and transition-metal catalysis. The most challenging transformation remains the formation of the parent C-F bond, primarily as a consequence of the high hydration energy of fluoride, strong metal-fluorine bonds, and highly polarized bonds to fluorine. Most fluorination reactions still lack generality, predictability, and cost-efficiency. Despite all current limitations, modern fluorination methods have made fluorinated molecules more readily available than ever before and have begun to have an impact on research areas that do not require large amounts of material, such as drug discovery and positron emission tomography. This Review gives a brief summary of conventional fluorination reactions, including those reactions that introduce fluorinated functional groups, and focuses on modern developments in the field.

/pdf/introduction-of-fluorine-and-fluorine-containing-functional-1i8kwiad20.pdf

Introduction of Fluorine and Fluorine-Containing Functional Groups

Anisotropy of the Induced Current Density (ACID), a General Method To Quantify and Visualize Electronic Delocalization

Organophosphorus π-Conjugated Materials

Through an effort to develop novel ligands that have subtype selectivity for the estrogen receptors alpha (ERalpha) and beta (ERbeta), we have found that 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionitrile (DPN) acts as an agonist on both ER subtypes, but has a 70-fold higher relative binding affinity and 170-fold higher relative potency in transcription assays with ERbeta than with ERalpha. To investigate the ERbeta affinity- and potency-selective character of this DPN further, we prepared a series of DPN analogues in which both the ligand core and the aromatic rings were modified by the repositioning of phenolic hydroxy groups and by the addition of alkyl substituents and nitrile groups. We also prepared other series of DPN analogues in which the nitrile functionality was replaced with acetylene groups or polar functions, to mimic the linear geometry or polarity of the nitrile, respectively. To varying degrees, all of the analogues show preferential binding affinity for ERbeta (i.e., they are ERbeta affinity-selective), and many, but not all of them, are also more potent in activating transcription through ERbeta than through ERalpha (i.e., they are ERbeta potency-selective). meso-2,3-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)succinonitrile and dl-2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)succinonitrile are among the highest ERbeta affinity-selective ligands, and they have an ERbeta potency selectivity that is equivalent to that of DPN. The acetylene analogues have higher binding affinities but somewhat lower selectivities than their nitrile counterparts. The polar analogues have lower affinities, and only the fluorinated polar analogues have substantial affinity selectivities. This study suggests that, in this series of ligands, the nitrile functionality is critical to ERbeta selectivity because it provides the optimal combination of linear geometry and polarity. Furthermore, the addition of a second nitrile group beta to the nitrile in DPN or the addition of a methyl substitutent at an ortho position on the beta-aromatic ring increases the affinity and selectivity of these compounds for ERbeta. These ERbeta-selective compounds may prove to be valuable tools in understanding the differences in structure and biological function of ERalpha and ERbeta.

Estrogen receptor-beta potency-selective ligands: structure-activity relationship studies of diarylpropionitriles and their acetylene and polar analogues.

The Phosphorus-Carbon Analogy: Phospha-organic Chemistry. Phosphinidenes (R-P). Terminal Phosphinidene Complexes [R-P=M]. Phosphaalkynes (RC=P). Phosphaalkenes, R1R2C=PR3. Phosphapolyenes. Diphosphenes (RP=PR). Phosphorus-Carbon Heterocyclic Chemistry. PI-Coordination Complexes. What Future for Phosphaorganic Chemistry? Index.

Phosphorus: The Carbon Copy: From Organophosphorus to Phospha-organic Chemistry

Section Headings. The Birth of a New Domain. Three Membered Rings. Phosphiranes and Phosphirenes. Diphosphiranes and Diphosphirenes. Four Membered Rings. Phosphetanes - Early Studies. Four-Membered Rings with one Phosphorus Atom. Diphosphetanes, Dihydrodiphosphetes, and Diphosphetes. Five Membered Rings. Phospholanes and Phospholenes. Phospholes: Early literature 1953-1994. Phospholes: Recent literature 1994-1999. Heterophospholes. Six Membered Rings. Phosphinanes, Dihydro-and Tetrahydro-phosphinines. Phosphinines. Six-Membered Rings with Two or more Heteroatoms with at least One Phosphorus Atom. Macro-, Poly- and Spiro-Heterocycles. Macro- and Spiro-Heterocycles. Bicyclic and Polycyclic Systems with a Ring Junction Phosphorus Atom. Compounds with Phosphorus at the Spiro Position. Applications of Phosphorus Heterocycles in Homogeneous Catalysis. Author Index.

François Mathey

Papers

Phosphorus: The Carbon Copy: From Organophosphorus to Phospha-organic Chemistry

Phosphorus-carbon heterocyclic chemistry : the rise of a new domain

Generation and trapping of terminal phosphinidene complexes. Synthesis and x-ray crystal structure of stable phosphirene complexes

1,1'-Diphosphaferrocenes. Synthesis, basic chemistry, and structure

The carbene-like behavior of terminal phosphinidene complexes toward olefins. A new access to the phosphirane ring