Autonomous navigation requires both a precise and robust mapping and localization solution. In this context, Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is a very well-suited solution. SLAM is used for many applications including mobile robotics, self-driving cars, unmanned aerial vehicles, or autonomous underwater vehicles. In these domains, both visual and visual-IMU SLAM are well studied, and improvements are regularly proposed in the literature. However, LiDAR-SLAM techniques seem to be relatively the same as ten or twenty years ago. Moreover, few research works focus on vision-LiDAR approaches, whereas such a fusion would have many advantages. Indeed, hybridized solutions offer improvements in the performance of SLAM, especially with respect to aggressive motion, lack of light, or lack of visual features. This study provides a comprehensive survey on visual-LiDAR SLAM. After a summary of the basic idea of SLAM and its implementation, we give a complete review of the state-of-the-art of SLAM research, focusing on solutions using vision, LiDAR, and a sensor fusion of both modalities.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/7/2068/pdf

A Review of Visual-LiDAR Fusion based Simultaneous Localization and Mapping.

In the future, automated shuttles may provide on-demand transport and serve as feeders to public transport systems. However, automated shuttles will only become widely used if they are accepted by the public. This paper presents results of an interview study with 30 users of an automated shuttle on the EUREF (Europaisches Energieforum) campus in Berlin-Schoneberg to obtain in-depth understanding of the acceptance of automated shuttles as feeders to public transport systems. From the interviews, we identified 340 quotes, which were classified into six categories: (1) expectations about the capabilities of the automated shuttle (10% of quotes), (2) evaluation of the shuttle performance (10%), (3) service quality (34%), (4) risk and benefit perception (15%), (5) travel purpose (25%), and (6) trust (6%). The quotes indicated that respondents had idealized expectations about the technological capabilities of the automated shuttle, which may have been fostered by the media. Respondents were positive about the idea of using automated shuttles as feeders to public transport systems but did not believe that the shuttle will allow them to engage in cognitively demanding activities such as working. Furthermore, 20% of respondents indicated to prefer supervision of shuttles via an external control room or steward on board over unsupervised automation. In conclusion, even though the current automated shuttle did not live up to the respondents’ expectations, respondents still perceived automated shuttles as a viable option for feeders to public transport systems.

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What impressions do users have after a ride in an automated shuttle? An interview study

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Health Effects Of Transport Related Air Pollution

As one of the internationally recognized solutions to environmental problems, electric vehicles feature zero direct emissions and can reduce dependence on petroleum. An increasing number of countries have attached importance to the electric vehicle and developed it, and it is predicted that it will become a main force in the transportation system. Hence, it is necessary to explore the factors that drive consumers to buy electric vehicles. This study analyzes the factors that influence the consumer’s intention to buy electric vehicles and tests the relationship between them, and intends to offer information for the formulation of policies designed to popularize electric vehicles in order to reduce carbon emissions from transportation. As a result, consumer attitudes are the most important factor influencing the intention to purchase electric vehicles. The greatest effect is found in this line: Brand Trust→Perceived Benefit→Attitude→Purchase Intention. This means that the brand can increase the consumer’s perceived benefit of electric vehicles, make consumers more attracted to electric vehicles, and influence their final purchase intention.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/8/3496/pdf

The Influential Factors of Consumers’ Sustainable Consumption: A Case on Electric Vehicles in China

Shared mobility can provide access to transportation on a custom basis without vehicle ownership. The advent of connected and automated vehicle technologies can further enhance the potential benefits of shared mobility systems. Although the implications of a system with shared autonomous vehicles have been investigated, the research reported in the literature has exhibited contradictory outcomes. In this paper, we present a summary of the research efforts in shared autonomous vehicle systems that have been reported in the literature to date and discuss potential future research directions. 

Enhanced Mobility With Connectivity and Automation: A Review of Shared Autonomous Vehicle Systems

This paper reports on the application of electric automated vehicles in the city of Appelscha, The Netherlands. Appelscha is challenged with a predicted decline of inhabitants and an already shrinking public transport network. To preserve the region’s accessibility, the municipality started a pilot with electric automated vehicles. These vehicles drove on a separate cycle lane for six weeks in 2016. This pilot has shown that a pilot is possible, with little infrastructural changes. Even though the maximum speed of 15 km/h might suggest that automated vehicles are suitable to share the road with cyclists, the cycle lane in Appelscha was not sufficient due to the width of the cycle lane. No accidents occurred during the pilot.

https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/9/1/15/pdf

Application of Driverless Electric Automated Shuttles for Public Transport in Villages: The Case of Appelscha

Will automotive be the future of mobility or will the motorcar era come to an end in the 21st century? Today, auto-mobility is still growing, but in the future, this will depend on its ability to adapt to the needs of modern society. Disruptive technologies like electrification, automation, and connectivity can make automotive more sustainable by striving for the Six Zero goals: Zero Emission, Zero Energy, Zero Congestion, Zero Accident, Zero Empty, and Zero Cost. These tempting goals can lead not only to a more sustainable ecology, but also to a new economy with more efficient use of the time and money needed for mobility. In this future mobility framework, this article describes the practice-oriented research of the Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences with its regional partners to achieve these goals.

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Will Automotive Be the Future of Mobility? Striving for Six Zeros

This paper reports about the operation of the automated and electric ParkShuttle at the Rivium Businesspark in the Netherlands. The ParkShuttles operate without a driver on a designated lane where crossing traffic is managed with barriers. The second and current generation ParkShuttles have been operating since 2005. Having been operational for over 10 years, the ParkShuttle operation may be considered ‘proven technology’. The Rivium ParkShuttle is the only operational automated shuttle application without a steward on board. In this paper we also look forward to operation on public roads in 2020.

Driverless electric vehicles at Businesspark Rivium near Rotterdam (the Netherlands): from operation on dedicated track since 2005 to public roads in 20120

Will the Automotive era come to an end in the 21th century? Looking at today’s environmental and economic challenges of the use of cars based on last century technology and listening to some trend watchers one could think so. Cars can be regarded, as an old school status product indeed, for which there is no use, no place, no money and no interest in our modern society. On de other hand, auto-mobility is still growing, both in developed as in developing countries. The current worldwide road travel by motorbikes, cars, trucks and busses will probably double to 80 trillion kilometers in 2050. Facing comparable mobility growth in the Dutch Port City areas of Rotterdam, this paper describes the research of the Rotterdam University of Applied Science, following developments in automotive and providing first living lab experiments. In our vision, the traditional automotive values ‘individual freedom and flexibility’ and using new disruptive technologies, the automobile will very likely consolidate its position as preferred choice for mobility of persons and goods during the 21th century. To achieve that the sustainable disruptions: Electrification, Automation and Connectivity (sharing) must be adopted. Meanwhile one should focus on tempting goals, the Six Zero’s; Zero Emission, Zero Energy, Zero Congestion, Zero Accident, Zero Empty and Zero Cost. These goals will guide us towards a new economy, sustainable ecology and more efficient use of time.

/pdf/automotive-the-future-of-mobility-43u6bv3b6g.pdf

Automotive the Future of Mobility

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Frank Rieck

Papers

Application of Driverless Electric Automated Shuttles for Public Transport in Villages: The Case of Appelscha

Will Automotive Be the Future of Mobility? Striving for Six Zeros

Driverless electric vehicles at Businesspark Rivium near Rotterdam (the Netherlands): from operation on dedicated track since 2005 to public roads in 20120

Automotive the Future of Mobility

City logistics: light and electric