This article describes experiments in which happy or sad moods were induced in subjects by hyp- notic suggestion to investigate the influence of emo- tions on memory and thinking. One result was that subjects exhibited mood-state-dependent memory in recall of word lists, personal experiences recorded in a daily diary, and childhood experiences; people recalled a greater percentage of those experiences that were affectively congruent with the mood they were in dur- ing recall. Second, emotion powerfully influenced such cognitive processes as free associations, imaginative fantasies, social perceptions, and snap judgments about others' personalities (e.g., angry subjects generated an- gry associates, told hostile stories, and were prone to find fault with others). Third, when the feeling-tone of a narrative agreed with the reader's emotion, the salience and memorability of events in that narrative were increased. Thus, sad readers attended more to sad material, identified with a sad character from a story, and recalled more about that character. An associative network theory is proposed to account for these several results. In this theory, an emotion serves as a memory unit that can enter into associations with coincident events. Activation of this emotion unit aids retrieval of events associated with it; it also primes emotional themata for use in free association, fantasies, and per- ceptual categorization.

Mood and memory

Part I. Experimental Studies: 2. Experiment in psychology 3. Experiments on perceiving III Experiments on imaging 4-8. Experiments on remembering: (a) The method of description (b) The method of repeated reproduction (c) The method of picture writing (d) The method of serial reproduction (e) The method of serial reproduction picture material 9. Perceiving, recognizing, remembering 10. A theory of remembering 11. Images and their functions 12. Meaning Part II. Remembering as a Study in Social Psychology: 13. Social psychology 14. Social psychology and the matter of recall 15. Social psychology and the manner of recall 16. Conventionalism 17. The notion of a collective unconscious 18. The basis of social recall 19. A summary and some conclusions.

Remembering. A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, Cambridge (University Press) 1964.

The fifth edition of the addiction severity index

Do we consciously cause our actions, or do they happen to us? Philosophers, psychologists, neuroscientists, theologians, and lawyers have long debated the existence of free will versus determinism. In this book Daniel Wegner offers a novel understanding of the issue. Like actions, he argues, the feeling of conscious will is created by the mind and brain. Yet if psychological and neural mechanisms are responsible for all human behavior, how could we have conscious will? The feeling of conscious will, Wegner shows, helps us to appreciate and remember our authorship of the things our minds and bodies do. Yes, we feel that we consciously will our actions, Wegner says, but at the same time, our actions happen to us. Although conscious will is an illusion, it serves as a guide to understanding ourselves and to developing a sense of responsibility and morality. Approaching conscious will as a topic of psychological study, Wegner examines the issue from a variety of angles. He looks at illusions of the will -- those cases where people feel that they are willing an act that they are not doing or, conversely, are not willing an act that they in fact are doing. He explores conscious will in hypnosis, Ouija board spelling, automatic writing, and facilitated communication, as well as in such phenomena as spirit possession, dissociative identity disorder, and trance channeling. The result is a book that sidesteps endless debates to focus, more fruitfully, on the impact on our lives of the illusion of conscious will.

The Illusion of Conscious Will

Fifty-six heroin addicts and 60 age-matched controls were offered choices between monetary rewards ($11-$80) available immediately and larger rewards ($25-$85) available after delays ranging from 1 week to 6 months. Participants had a 1-in-6 chance of winning a reward that they chose on one randomly selected trial. Delay-discounting rates were estimated from the pattern of participants' choices. The discounting model of impulsiveness (Ainslie, 1975) implies that delay-discounting rates are positively correlated with impulsiveness. On average, heroin addicts' discount rates were twice those of controls (p = .004), and discount rates were positively correlated with impulsivity as measured by self-report questionnaires (p < .05). The results lend external validity to the delay-discounting rate as a measure of impulsiveness, a characteristic associated with substance abuse.

Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls.

The Addiction Severity Index (ASI) is a clinical/research instrument which has been in wide use during the past 6 years to assess the treatment problems found in alcohol- and drug-abusing patients. In a study of male veterans, a preliminary evaluation of the ASI has indicated reliability and validity. The present report presents an expanded examination of these issues; 181 subjects from three treatment centers were studied. Results of concurrent reliability studies indicate that trained technicians can estimate the severity of patients' treatment problems with an average concordance of .89. Test-retest studies show that the information obtained from the ASI is consistent over a 3-day interval, even with different interviewers. Comparisons of the ASI severity ratings and composite measures with a battery of previously validated tests indicate evidence of concurrent and discriminant validity. The reliability and validity results were consistent across subgroups of patients categorized by age, race, sex, primary drug problem, and treatment center. The authors discuss the strengths and limitations of the instrument based upon 5 years of use. The overall conclusion is that the ASI is a reliable and valid instrument that has a wide range of clinical and research applications, and that it may offer advantages in the examination of important issues such as the prediction of treatment outcome, the comparison of different forms of treatment, and the "matching" of patients to treatments.

New data from the Addiction Severity Index. Reliability and validity in three centers.

The effects of hypnotically induced analgesia and placebo response to “a powerful analgesic drug” were investigated. Highly motivated Ss, who were either very responsive or essentially insusceptible to hypnosis, performed a task which induced ischemic muscle pain. Special procedures and a modified d

The Nature of Hypnotic Analgesia and Placebo Response to Experimental Pain

The generation of random number sequences as a measure of attention deployment has been limited due to the lack of a satisfactory index of pseudorandomness for relatively short response sequences (Wagenaar, 1972) A new index of subjective randomization (RNG) is presented that provides a sensitive measure of departures from randomness (reflecting the disproportion with which any number follows any other number) in a series as short as 100 responses, typically verbalized at a rate of 1/sec The RNG index of sequential response bias is a minor modification of Tulving’s (1962) subjective organization index that measures clustering in the repeated free recall of randomly presented word lists Calculation of the practice-free RNG index and comparisons with another common measure are illustrated with individual data and with data obtained from random number tables The use of RNG as a probe or simultaneous task to measure the deployment of attention or attentive effort is discussed

/pdf/monitoring-attention-deployment-by-random-number-generation-3p4x407r5o.pdf

Monitoring attention deployment by random number generation: An index to measure subjective randomness

Social control in the psychological experiment: Antisocial behavior and hypnosis.

Posthypnotic recall amnesia traditionally refers to Ss inability to recall, when challenged posthypnotically, the events which occurred during hypnosis. Posthypnotic source amnesia, only indirectly alluded to in the literature, occurs when S subsequently remembers the experiences of hypnosis, but has no recollection of acquiring the experiences: S knows the information presented during hypnosis, but does not know how or why he knows. Data from 3 samples are presented to support the distinction between the 2 types of posthypnotic amnesia. Of 243 Ss, 18 experienced recall amnesia, 26 displayed source amnesia, but only 4 developed both kinds of amnesia. There were no differences in rated depth of hypnosis of these 3 subgroups. Correlations between both types of amnesia with both rated depth of hypnosis and objective measures of susceptibility to hypnosis were significant but low. Recall amnesia and source amnesia correlated .37, .38, and .39, respectively (p < .001) in the 3 samples. The evidence in...

Frederick J. Evans

Papers

New data from the Addiction Severity Index. Reliability and validity in three centers.

The Nature of Hypnotic Analgesia and Placebo Response to Experimental Pain

Monitoring attention deployment by random number generation: An index to measure subjective randomness

Social control in the psychological experiment: Antisocial behavior and hypnosis.

Two types of posthypnotic amnesia: Recall amnesia and source amnesia