The boundary layer equations for plane, incompressible, and steady flow are 

$$\matrix{ {u{{\partial u} \over {\partial x}} + v{{\partial u} \over {\partial y}} = - {1 \over \varrho }{{\partial p} \over {\partial x}} + v{{{\partial ^2}u} \over {\partial {y^2}}},} \cr {0 = {{\partial p} \over {\partial y}},} \cr {{{\partial u} \over {\partial x}} + {{\partial v} \over {\partial y}} = 0.} \cr }$$

Boundary Layer Theory

Thermophysical Properties Research Literature Retrieval Guide Edited by Y. S. Touloukian, J. K. Gerritsen and N. Y. Moore Second edition, revised and expanded. Book 1: Pp. xxi + 819. Book 2: Pp.621. Book 3: Pp. ix + 1315. (New York: Plenum Press, 1967.) n.p.

/pdf/heat-and-mass-transfer-1yaijfx8vp.pdf

Heat and Mass Transfer

Plasma assisted combustion: Dynamics and chemistry

Rotating detonation engines (RDEs), also known as continuous detonation engines, have gained much worldwide interest lately. Such engines have huge potential benefits arising from their simplicity of design and manufacture, lack of moving parts, high thermodynamic efficiency and high rate of energy conversion that may be even more superior than pulse detonation engines, themselves the subject of great interest. However, due to the novelty of the concept, substantial work remains to demonstrate feasibility and bring the RDE to reality. An assessment of the challenges, ranging from understanding basic physics through utilizing rotating detonations in aerospace platforms, is provided.

https://arc.uta.edu/publications/cp_files/AIAA%202011-6043%20Rotating%20detonation%20wave%20propulsion%20experimental%20challenges,%20modeling,%20and%20engine%20concepts%20(invited).pdf

Rotating detonation wave propulsion: Experimental challenges, modeling, and engine concepts

Introduction I Nprinciple,detonationsare an extremelyef cientmeans of combustinga fuel-oxidizermixture and releasing its chemical energy content. During the past 60 years or so, there have been numerous researcheffortsat harnessingthepotentialof detonationsfor propulsion applications.1 There is a renewed interest lately on intermittent or pulsed detonations engines. Eidelman et al. and Eidelman and Grossmann3 have reviewed some of the initial research as well as work done in the late 1980s on pulse detonation engines (PDEs). The basic theory, design concepts, and the work in the early 1990s related to pulse detonationengines have been discussedby Bussing and Pappas.4 The focus of a more recent review5 is on performance estimates fromvarious experimental, theoreticaland computational studies. More recently, work related to nozzles for PDEs has been discussed. Other reviews7i9 discussing the objectives and accomplishments of various programs are also available.The objective of this paper is to update the previousreviews, focusingon themore recent developmentsin the researchon PDEs. The review is restricted toworkopenlyavailablein the literaturebut includesongoingefforts around the world. Currently, there are several programs sponsored by Of ce of Naval Research (ONR), U.S. Air Force, NASA, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and other agencies in the United States as well as several parallel efforts in Belarus, Canada, France, Japan, Russia, Sweden, and other countries.The results from some of these programs are just beginning to be published.A summary of recent progress and the various organizationsand people involved in PDE research in Japan has been presented.9 Reports of the basic PDE research sponsoredby ONR are available in the proceedingsof a recurringannualmeeting(forexample, seeRef. 10).Recentwork conducted outside the United States has been reported at international meetings on detonations such as those held in Seattle11 (for more information, see http://www.engr.washington.edu/epp/icders/) and Moscow.12 Although an attempt is made to cover a broad range of the reported research, the shear volume of papers presented with PDEs in the title make it impractical to be exhaustive. Rather than providing a chronologicalreport, an attempt is made here to discuss the recent progress in terms of broad topic areas. The key issues that need to be resolved have been addressed in a number of papers (e.g., Refs. 13 and 14). The speci c order in which to discuss the various topics was determined by considering the schematic of an idealized, laboratory pulse detonation engine shown in Fig. 1. This idealizedengine is representativeof the device

Recent Developments in the Research on Pulse Detonation Engines

Chemiluminescence imaging of an optically accessible non-premixed rotating detonation engine

https://www.psp-tsp.com/PDFs/References/AIAA-2001-1129-847.pdf

Detonation Initiation Studies and Performance Results for Pulsed Detonation Engine

: An in-house computational and experimental program to investigate and develop an air breathing pulse detonation engine (PDE) that uses a practical fuel (kerosene based, fleet-wide use, JP type) is currently underway at the Combustion Sciences Branch of the Turbine Engine Division of the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL/PRTS). PDE's have the potential of high thrust, low weight, low cost, high scalability, and wide operating range, but several technological hurdles must be overcome before a practical engine can be designed. This research effort involves investigating such critical issues as: detonation initiation and propagation; valving, timing and control; instrumentation and diagnostics; purging, heat transfer, and repetition rate; noise and multi-tube effects; detonation and deflagration to detonation transition modeling; and performance prediction and analysis. An innovative, four-detonation-tube engine design is currently in test and evaluation. Preliminary data are obtained with premixed hydrogen/air as the fuel/oxidizer to demonstrate proof of concept and verify models. Techniques for initiating detonations in hydrogen/air mixtures are developed without the use of oxygen enriched air. An overview of the AFRL/PRTS PDE development research program and hydrogen/air results are presented.

Detonation Initiation Studies and Performance Results for Pulsed Detonation Engine Applications

Recent accomplishments related to the performance, application, and analysis of rotating detonation engine technologies are discussed. The pioneering development of optically accessible rotating detonation engines coupled with the application of established diagnostic techniques is enabling a new research direction. In particular, OH* chemiluminescence images of detonations propagating through the annular channel of a rotating detonation engine are reported and appear remarkably similar to computational fluid dynamic results of rotating detonation engines published in the literature. Specific impulse measurements of rotating detonation engines and pulsed detonation engines are shown to be quantitatively similar for engines operating on hydrogen/air and ethylene/air mixtures. The encouraging results indicate that rotating detonation engines are capable of producing thrust with fuel efficiencies that are similar to those associated with pulsed detonation engines while operating on gaseous hydrocarbon fuels....

Overview of Performance, Application, and Analysis of Rotating Detonation Engine Technologies

A rotating detonation engine is experimentally tested with various nozzle configurations for the purpose of measuring the propulsive performance of these devices in terms of thrust and specific impulse. Particular attention is given to comparing different internal nozzle configurations, which include bluff body, aerospike, and choked aerospike arrangements. The nozzle throat exit choke present in the rotating detonation engine exhaust is analyzed to provide insight into the stagnation pressure gain nature of the device.

Frederick Schauer

Papers

Chemiluminescence imaging of an optically accessible non-premixed rotating detonation engine

Detonation Initiation Studies and Performance Results for Pulsed Detonation Engine

Detonation Initiation Studies and Performance Results for Pulsed Detonation Engine Applications

Overview of Performance, Application, and Analysis of Rotating Detonation Engine Technologies

Experimental Study of the Performance of a Rotating Detonation Engine with Nozzle