Frederick Stern

TL;DR: This work presents a comprehensive approach to verification and validation methodology and procedures for CFD simulations from an already developed CFD code applied without requiring availability of the source code for specified objectives, geometry, conditions, and available benchmark information.

TL;DR: In this paper, a factor of safety method for quantitative estimates of grid-spacing and time-step uncertainties fbr solution verification is developed, which removes the two deficiencies of the grid convergence index and correction factor methods, namely, unreasonably small uncertainty when the estimated order of accuracy using the Richardson extrapolation method is greater than the theoretical order of accuracies and lack of statistical evidence that the interval of uncertainty at the 95% confidence level bounds the comparison error.

TL;DR: In this article, the problem of surface ships free to pitch and heave in regular head waves is analyzed numerically with an unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes (URANS) approach.

TL;DR: Analysis and interpretation of the results are shown to be important in assessing variability for order of accuracy, levels of verification, and strategies for reducing numerical and modeling errors and uncertainties.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide definitions and equations for the quantitative assessment of numerical (verification) and modelling (validation) errors and uncertainties for CFD simulations and of intervals of certification for RANS codes.