Radio-electronic means, including equipment for transmissions, radio-location, broadcasting, and navigation, allow the execution of various research missions and combat forces management. Determining the target coordinates and directing the armament towards them, obtaining and processing data about enemies, ensuring the navigation of ships, planes and outer atmospheric means, transmitting orders, decisions, reports and other necessary information for the armed forces; these are only some of the possibilities of radio-electronic technology. Fuzzy logic allows the linguistic description of the laws of command, operation and control of a system. When working with complex and nonlinear systems, it can often be observed that, as their complexity increases, there is a decrease in the significance of the details in describing the global behavior of the system. Even though such an approach may seem inadequate, it is often superior and less laborious than a rigorous mathematical approach. The main argument in favor of fuzzy set theory is to excel in operating with imprecise, vague notions. This article demonstrates the superiority of a fuzzy tracking system over the standard Kalman filter tracking system under the conditions of uneven accelerations and sudden change of direction of the targets, as well as in the case of failure to observe the target during successive scans. A cascading Kalman filtering algorithm was used to solve the speed ambiguity and to reduce the measurement error in real-time radar processing. The cascade filters are extended Kalman filters with controlled gain using fuzzy logic for tracking targets using radar equipment under difficult tracking conditions.

https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/8/2/207/pdf

Aircraft Trajectory Tracking Using Radar Equipment with Fuzzy Logic Algorithm

In this work, Wireless Fidelity Technology commonly referred to as Wi-Fi was used for robotic control. The existing systems are mainly web based. Thus; they require some form of internet connections to operate effectively. This possesses a major challenge to developing countries like Nigeria with slow and unevenly distributed internet access. This project was carried out using the lolin NodeMCU version 1.0 (esp8266 e12 controller), two 12v dc motors, L293 motor driver and a 12v dc voltage source. Proteus and Matlab software were used to design the circuit and analyze the signal respectively. Control of the robot was based on a Wi-Fi hotspot network created by the robot system. Control of the robot was achieved without the use of a web server/computer but through an android based application developed on MIT app developer platform. This allows flexibility and security in the control of the robot as any android phone having the required application could access the system via its Wi-Fi network to actuate commands.

https://jeeeccs.net/index.php/journal/article/download/148/116

An Improved Robotic Control System Using Wireless Fidelity Network

Radio frequency radiations from GSM base transceiver stations (BTS) experience certain amount of loss. These losses can be attributed to two principal factors, the height of the building and the penetrating material of buildings which was revealed in the literature. In this work, measurements were carried out to determine the signal loss in multi-partitioned buildings in Port Harcourt city. The study was carried out using radio frequency (RF) signal tracker application software installed in a Samsung smart phone. The measurements were carried out on four different buildings made with different partitioning materials namely glass, wood, concrete and bricks on GSM networks (MTN, GLO, AIRTEL and ETISALAT). The results showed that the concrete material had the highest signal penetration loss with an average value of 4.29dB seconded by bricks, then glass and wood with an average signal loss of 3.47dB, 3.15dB and 2.06dB respectively. The path loss prediction for each of the buildings and materials considered was also studied and calculated using Log-normal model with concrete partition having the highest predicted path loss of 103.89(dB), followed by bricks with 83.90(dB), glass with 67.35(dB) and wood with 53.15(dB). Comparing the average signal loss over the building distances and the path loss, it was observed that there was a significant relationship.

https://ejece.org/index.php/ejece/article/download/8/11

Determination of GSM Signal Loss in Multi-Partitioned Buildings

An improved signal penetration path loss model for GSM network

The electromagnetic environment is a reality in which we live and in which all the energy is processed. It is generated by: natural sources and by the creative thinking of people. The human body is a complex energy system being also transmitter for the electric field generated by human body, field that interacts with other electrical and magnetic fields emitted by various sources, thus becoming and receiver. To determining human presence it is used a multifunction device: USB-6003. The USB‑6003 offers analog inputs/outputs, digital inputs/outputs and provides functionality for academic lab experiments. The results have been obtained using MATLAB environment and have highlighted the detection of human being. The results were display using a Graphical User Interfaces (G.U.I). and are displayed as graphs form to show the detection of human presence. The principle used is the generation of the electric field by a person when walking, phenomenon which is described at the cellular level.

Determining Human Presence through the Analysis of the Electric Field using MATLAB environment

In this work, measurements of GSM signal strength were conducted in buildings to determine the signal penetration loss through them. This was carried out using Radio Frequency Signal Tracker installed in Tecno N9 tablet. These buildings were made with different materials such as Mud, sandcrete, and alucoboard. The average penetration loss was computed by subtracting the indoor received signal strength from the outdoor received signal strength, the same for both closed and opened doors and windows and the in- building (obstructed) penetration path loss exponent was determined. Based on the measurement data, a path loss model was dev eloped using Snell’s law and by considering the free space loss, log-normal loss, the deduced in-building path loss exponent, and the distance between the transmitter and receiver. The developed path loss model was compared with the ITU-R indoor path loss model and a Matlab based user interface for instant path loss prediction was also created. The measurement results indicated that the building with alucoboard wall cladding had the maximum signal penetration loss (104.52 dB) while the sandcrete building with unrusted corrugated iron sheet roof had the minimum signal penetration loss (81.85 dB). The results also showed that the in-building path loss exponent as the signal passed from outdoor to indoor through the building material were from 0.87 to 1.32. The path loss exponent from the transmitter to the receiver varied between 4.87 to 5.32, and the standard deviation between 17.0dB to 17.8dB. The comparison of the developed model to the ITU indoor path loss model showed very close relationship. This work has deduced a path loss exponent for GSM signal penetration in buildings which is dependent on the building material for the first time in Nigeria.

https://jeeeccs.net/index.php/journal/article/download/106/86

Fredrick Edeko

Papers

Relative Permittivity Based Model for GSM Signal Loss in Buildings