Many research efforts over the last few decades have been devoted to sensing lactate as an important analytical target in clinical care, sport medicine, and food processing. Therefore, research in designing lactate sensors is no longer in its infancy and now is more directed toward viable sensors for direct applications. In this review, we provide an overview of the most immediate and relevant developments toward this end, and we discuss and assess common transduction approaches. Further, we critically describe the pros and cons of current commercial lactate sensors and envision how future sensing design may benefit from emerging new technologies.

Lactate biosensors: current status and outlook

A simple and sensitive fluorescence based biosensor for the determination of uric acid using H2O2-sensitive quantum dots/dual enzymes.

We report here a non-enzymatic detecting electrode strip for fast monitoring of uric acid in human whole blood A single-use amperometric uric acid sensor strip, incorporating a three-electrode configuration, has been fabricated on a polypropylene substrate using low cost screenprinting (thick-film) technology Both the working and counter electrodes were prepared by screen-printing commercial carbon ink The integration on the same support of pseudo-reference electrode was obtained by screen-printing a commercial silver ink and subsequent electrochemical pretreatment Simply by placing a 20l human whole blood drop on the strip is enough for uric acid analysis by square-wave voltammetry Real human whole blood samples were analyzed by this method and compared to the phosphotungstic acid clinical test procedure with satisfactory results © 2005 Elsevier BV All rights reserved

A disposable single-use electrochemical sensor for the detection of uric acid in human whole blood

The first decade of flow injection analysis: from serial assay to diagnostic tool

Discrete analysis of serum uric acid with immobilized uricase and peroxidase.

A method for the flow injection analysis of glucose and uric acid in serum using immobilized enzymes in column form and chemiluminescence detection is described. The method is based on the determination of chemiluminescence formed by the reaction of a luminol-ferricyanide mixture with hydrogen peroxide which is produced by the action of the respective oxidases on glucose and uric acid. Glucose or uric acid in serum were determined with 1 microliter of the sample at a speed of 120 samples/h without carryover and at an assay time of approximately 10 s. The immobilized glucose oxidase column measured only 1.0 X 5 mm, and the immobilized uricase column 1.0 X 20 mm. The present method gave perfect linearity of the data up to 4.0 g glucose per liter or 0.10 g uric acid per liter with satisfactory precision, reproducibility, and accurate reaction recoveries. Furthermore, the present method was hardly affected by ascorbic acid, while the peroxidase-linked colorimetric method is usually influenced significantly by ascorbic acid. Both column reactors showed good operational stability for a 2-month period, during which time they were repeatedly used for analyses over 2000 times. The results on glucose and uric acid correlated satisfactorily with those obtained by other well-established methods.

Fukunaga C

Papers

Highly sensitive flow injection analysis of glucose and uric acid in serum using an immobilized enzyme column and chemiluminescence.