http://www.iss.com/resources/pdf/publications/fnirs-history.pdf

A brief review on the history of human functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) development and fields of application.

https://www.cell.com/trends/neurosciences/pdf/S0166-2236(97)01132-6.pdf

Non-invasive optical spectroscopy and imaging of human brain function

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a noninvasive neuroimaging tool for studying evoked hemodynamic changes within the brain. By this technique, changes in the optical absorption of light are recorded over time and are used to estimate the functionally evoked changes in cerebral oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations that result from local cerebral vascular and oxygen metabolic effects during brain activity. Over the past three decades this technology has continued to grow, and today NIRS studies have found many niche applications in the fields of psychology, physiology, and cerebral pathology. The growing popularity of this technique is in part associated with a lower cost and increased portability of NIRS equipment when compared with other imaging modalities, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography. With this increasing number of applications, new techniques for the processing, analysis, and interpretation of NIRS data are continually being developed. We review some of the time-series and functional analysis techniques that are currently used in NIRS studies, we describe the practical implementation of various signal processing techniques for removing physiological, instrumental, and motion-artifact noise from optical data, and we discuss the unique aspects of NIRS analysis in comparison with other brain imaging modalities. These methods are described within the context of the MATLAB-based graphical user interface program, HomER, which we have developed and distributed to facilitate the processing of optical functional brain data.

/pdf/homer-a-review-of-time-series-analysis-methods-for-near-4ln9n7d315.pdf

HomER: a review of time-series analysis methods for near-infrared spectroscopy of the brain.

This review describes the diffusion model for light transport in tissues and the medical applications of diffuse light. Diffuse optics is particularly useful for measurement of tissue hemodynamics, wherein quantitative assessment of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin concentrations and blood flow are desired. The theoretical basis for near-infrared or diffuse optical spectroscopy is developed, and the basic elements of diffuse optical tomography are outlined. We also discuss diffuse correlation spectroscopy, a technique whereby temporal correlation functions of diffusing light are transported through tissue and are used to measure blood flow. Essential instrumentation is described, and representative brain and breast functional imaging and monitoring results illustrate the workings of these new tissue diagnostics.

/pdf/diffuse-optics-for-tissue-monitoring-and-tomography-curjv2s4p6.pdf

Diffuse optics for tissue monitoring and tomography

https://www.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/optics/PDF/Strangman_BiolPsychiatry_52_679_2002.pdf

Non-invasive neuroimaging using near-infrared light

To the Editor. —Acute pandysautonomia is a syndrome characterized by various symptoms of acute paralysis of the sympathetic and parasympathetic functions, apparently without other clinical or neurological abnormalities. 1,2 Recovery is partial or complete after several months. The site of the lesion of acute pandysautonomia has generally been assumed to be located in the postganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. 1-3 However, it was suggested that, in the second case of Okada et al 3 and in the case of Watanabe et al, 4 lesions were present in the preganglionic or central nervous system, because of poor vascular responses to subcutaneous or intravenous injection of sympathomimetic amines and no pupillary response to a low concentration of cocaine or epinephrine instillation in the eyes. Electroencephalographic abnormalities were described by Andersen et al, 5 Harik et al, 6 and Neville and Sladen. 7 Hopkins et al 8 described some temporal

The central sites of the autonomic nervous system may also be disturbed in some cases with acute pandysautonomia.

Pupillographic studies were made of the reactions to light and near vision in 12 schizophrenic patients under long-term administration of psychotropic drugs. The results showed a significant reduction in the light reaction, while the near vision reaction was preserved. The pupillographic study revealed not only reduction in amplitude of the light reaction but also changes in dynamic aspects of the reaction, i.e., prolonged latency time, shortened constriction time, and half redilatation time after the light stimulus. The mechanisms underlying the dissociation between light reaction and near vision reaction induced by long-term administration of psychotropic drugs are obscure, but both the peripheral and central actions of these drugs may be involved.

Pupillary Abnormalities in Schizophrenic Patients During Long-Term Administration of Psychotropic Drugs: Dissociation Between Light and Near Vision Reactions

The effect of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia and methacholine on plasma cAMP and cGMP levels was studied in normal volunteers, hyperthyroid and hypothyroid patients. A significant positive correlation existed between the maximal increase in plasma cAMP and the maximal decrease in plasma glucose in normals during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. Therefore, the plasma cAMP response is considered to be dependent on the degree of hypoglycaemia, rather than the dose of insulin. The cAMP response to hypoglycaemia was significantly higher in hyperthyroid patient, and was lower in patients with hypothyroidism than in normals. The cAMP response of the hyperthyroid patients was normalized when their hyperthyroidism was controlled after 3 months of treatment. The plasma level of cGMP was slightly elevated during hypoglycaemia, but there was no significant difference between controls and hyperthyroid patients. The cGMP response to methacholine, which is probably mediated by cholinergic receptors, was significantly potentiated in hyperthyroid patients. The cAMP response, which is presumably dependent on endogenous catecholamines secreted during methacholine-induced hypotension, was also enhanced in hyperthyroid patients. It is likely that beta-adrenergic receptor responses and cholinergic receptor responses are both enhanced in hyperthyroidism.

Fumihiko Okada

Papers

The central sites of the autonomic nervous system may also be disturbed in some cases with acute pandysautonomia.

Pupillary Abnormalities in Schizophrenic Patients During Long-Term Administration of Psychotropic Drugs: Dissociation Between Light and Near Vision Reactions

Plasma cyclic nucleotide responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia and methacholine in patients with hyperthyroidism.

Region-dependent asymmetrical or symmetrical variations in the oxygenation and hemodynamics of the brain due to different mental stimuli.

Chronic desipramine treatment influences D1 stimulation and D2 inhibition (dual control) of adenylate cyclase by dopamine in rat striatum