Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

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Modern Applied Statistics With S

In his introduction to this detailed survey of knowledge of insect societies, the author points out that research on insect sociology has proceeded in three phases, the natural history phase, the physiological phase and the population-biology phase. Advances in the first two phases have permitted embarkation in the third phase on a more rigorous theory of social evolution based on population genetics and writing this book, the author wished to relate the three phases of research on insects and to express insect sociology as population biology. A glossary of terms, a considerable bibliography and a general index are included. Other CABI sites 

The Insect Societies

■ Abstract The fi-proteobacterium Wolbachia pipientis is a very common cyto- plasmic symbiont of insects, crustaceans, mites, and filarial nematodes. To enhance its transmission, W. pipientis has evolved a large scale of host manipulations: partheno- genesis induction, feminization, and male killing. W. pipientis's most common effect is a crossing incompatibility between infected males and uninfected females. Little is known about the genetics and biochemistry of these symbionts because of their fas- tidious requirements. The affinity of W. pipientis for the microtubules associated with the early divisions in eggs may explain some of their effects. Such inherited microor- ganisms are thought to have been major factors in the evolution of sex determination, eusociality, and speciation. W. pipientis isolates are also of interest as vectors for the modification of wild insect populations, in the improvement of parasitoid wasps in biological pest control, and as a new method for interfering with diseases caused by filarial nematodes.

Wolbachia pipientis: microbial manipulator of arthropod reproduction.

When multiple victim species (e.g. prey, host) are attacked by one or more shared enemy species (e.g. predator, pathogen), the potential exists for apparent competition between victim populations. We review ideas on apparent com­ petition (also called "competition for enemy-free space") and sketch illustrative examples. One puzzling aspect of this indirect interaction is the repeated rediscovery of the essential ideas. Apparent competition arises between focal and alternative prey populations because, in the long term, enemy abundance depends on total prey availability; by increasing enemy numbers, alternative prey intensify predation on focal prey. A frequent empirical finding, consistent with theory, is exclusion of victim species from local communities by resident enemies. Theory suggests victim-species coexistence depends on particular conditions. To understand fully the consequences of shared enemies requires a body of contingent theory, specifying the time-scale of the interactions (short­ and long-term consequences of sharing enemies generally differ), the structure of the food-web encompassing the interactions, its spatial context, etc. The "core criterion" for a focal victim species to invade a community supporting a resident, polyphagous enemy is r> aP (the invader's intrinsic rate of increase

The Ecological Consequences of Shared Natural Enemies

Temporary social parasitism in the enslaving ant speciesFormica sanguinea Latreille: an important discovery related to the evolution of dulosis inFormica ants

We studied the nest distribution pattern, the inter-nest relationship, and egg-laying ability of workers in the Indonesian myrmicine ant Myrmecina sp. A. This rare species has recently attracted biologists” attention by their peculiar symbiosis with a mite. The ant was locally quite dominant and occupied about 80% of the ant nests within a 10 × 10m-study plot on the floor of the secondary forest in the Botanical Garden of Bogor. We conclude that the local population of M. sp. A consisted of an unicolonial colony, because of the following three reasons: (1) they were usually tolerant to conspecific non-nestmates while showing strong aggression to the different species Tetramorium sp., (2) nests were contiguously rather than uniformly distributed, and (3) a mark-recapture experiment revealed that conspecific non-nestmates were easily incorporated into alien nests. This study reports the first discovery of unicoloniality in an ant species whose female reproductives are obligatory wingless ergatoid queens. Also unicoloniality in a forest dwelling ant in the tropics is unique. Workers can lay male destined eggs but they seem to lay only trophic eggs in the presence of the queen. We presented a hypothesis on the evolution of unicoloniality in this and other ant species with regard to the possible effects of genetic, ecological and historical factors. A population bottleneck following the introduction to a new habitat, policing and domination in the local habitat seem responsible for the evolution and maintenance of the unicoloniality.

/pdf/inter-nest-relationship-in-the-indonesian-ant-myrmecina-sp-a-3rgah9cmqd.pdf

Inter-nest Relationship in the Indonesian Ant, Myrmecina sp. A with some Considerations for the Evolution of Unicoloniality in Ants.

Yunodorylus comprises four named species and has so far been known exclusively from the Indo-Chinese and IndoMalayan subregions. Recently, two queen-right colonies of Yunodorylus eguchii Borowiec, 2009 were found in a lowland evergreen forest in Lo Go Xa Mat National Park, southwestern Vietnam. The present paper is the fi rst description of the queen caste of Yunodorylus. The queens were interestingly subdichthadiiform. This discovery has an important implication in our further understanding of the evolution of the “Army Ant Adaptive Syndrome” in the subfamily Dorylinae.

First discovery of subdichthadiigyne in Yunodorylus Xu, 2000 (Formicidae: Dorylinae)

We describe colony composition and reproductive and behavioural characteristics of Gnamptogenys cribrata. Colonies are monogynous, composed of one dealate queen and an average of 27 workers. This species shows the unusually low number of two ovarioles (1 - 1) in both queens and workers. The queen shows larval hemolymph feeding. Workers laid two distinctive types of egg depending on social environment: in the presence of a queen workers laid small trophic eggs which were not eaten by the queen. In the queenless condition, workers laid eggs that looked similar to a queen's egg, but did not develop into a larva.

Colony composition and behaviour of a queen and workers in the Oriental ectatommine ant Gnamptogenys cribrata (Emery) 1900 in West Java, Indonesia

Allard, D., Ito, F., Aikawa, Y., Gotoh, A. and Billen, J. 2010. Testes degeneration in ants: a histological study of Gnamptogenys bicolor. —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 92: 372–376.

Sperm synthesis in the males of social Hymenoptera is not continuous, as the testes degenerate before the males become sexually active. This article presents the first histological study focusing on the degeneration of testes tissue, using adult males of the ant Gnamptogenys bicolor. At eclosion, spermatogenesis is still in process in the apical part of the testes, while the basal spermatocysts are all packed with mature sperm. During the second week after eclosion, the first signs of degeneration appear as small clear vacuoles inside the spermatocysts, interspersed between maturing sperm cells. Sperm starts migrating into the vasa deferentia shortly after. As spermatocysts void their contents into the vasa deferentia, the follicles start shrinking and losing their shape and the fibrillar capsule tissue gets looser. Cellular breakdown yields dark vacuoles of various density and large granular, multi-layered bodies.

Fuminori Ito

Papers

Temporary social parasitism in the enslaving ant speciesFormica sanguinea Latreille: an important discovery related to the evolution of dulosis inFormica ants

Inter-nest Relationship in the Indonesian Ant, Myrmecina sp. A with some Considerations for the Evolution of Unicoloniality in Ants.

First discovery of subdichthadiigyne in Yunodorylus Xu, 2000 (Formicidae: Dorylinae)

Colony composition and behaviour of a queen and workers in the Oriental ectatommine ant Gnamptogenys cribrata (Emery) 1900 in West Java, Indonesia

Testes degeneration in ants: a histological study of Gnamptogenys bicolor